Are China and the US doomed to conflict?
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0:01 - 0:03G'day, my name's Kevin.
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0:03 - 0:06I'm from Australia. I'm here to help.
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0:06 - 0:08(Laughter)
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0:08 - 0:13Tonight, I want to talk about
a tale of two cities. -
0:13 - 0:18One of those cities is called Washington,
and the other is called Beijing. -
0:18 - 0:24Because how these two capitals
shape their future -
0:24 - 0:27and the future of the United States
and the future of China -
0:27 - 0:30doesn't just affect those two countries,
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0:30 - 0:32it affects all of us
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0:32 - 0:35in ways, perhaps, we've never thought of:
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0:35 - 0:39the air we breathe, the water we drink,
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0:39 - 0:42the fish we eat,
the quality of our oceans, -
0:42 - 0:46the languages we speak in the future,
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0:46 - 0:49the jobs we have,
the political systems we choose, -
0:49 - 0:54and, of course, the great questions
of war and peace. -
0:54 - 0:57You see that bloke? He's French.
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0:57 - 0:59His name is Napoleon.
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0:59 - 1:01A couple of hundred years ago,
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1:01 - 1:03he made this extraordinary projection:
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1:03 - 1:06"China is a sleeping lion,
and when she awakes, -
1:06 - 1:08the world will shake."
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1:08 - 1:10Napoleon got a few things wrong;
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1:10 - 1:13he got this one absolutely right.
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1:13 - 1:17Because China is today
not just woken up, -
1:17 - 1:21China has stood up
and China is on the march, -
1:21 - 1:23and the question for us all
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1:23 - 1:25is where will China go
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1:25 - 1:29and how do we engage
this giant of the 21st century? -
1:31 - 1:35You start looking at the numbers,
they start to confront you in a big way. -
1:35 - 1:38It's projected that China will become,
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1:38 - 1:42by whichever measure --
PPP, market exchange rates -- -
1:42 - 1:44the largest economy in the world
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1:44 - 1:46over the course of the decade ahead.
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1:46 - 1:48They're already
the largest trading nation, -
1:48 - 1:50already the largest exporting nation,
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1:50 - 1:52already the largest manufacturing nation,
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1:52 - 1:57and they're also the biggest
emitters of carbon in the world. -
1:57 - 1:59America comes second.
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1:59 - 2:05So if China does become
the world's largest economy, -
2:05 - 2:06think about this:
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2:06 - 2:10It'll be the first time
-
2:10 - 2:14since this guy was on
the throne of England -- -
2:14 - 2:18George III, not a good friend
of Napoleon's -- -
2:18 - 2:23that in the world we will have
as the largest economy -
2:23 - 2:25a non-English speaking country,
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2:25 - 2:28a non-Western country,
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2:28 - 2:30a non-liberal democratic country.
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2:30 - 2:32And if you don't think
that's going to affect -
2:32 - 2:35the way in which the world
happens in the future, -
2:35 - 2:38then personally, I think
you've been smoking something, -
2:38 - 2:43and it doesn't mean you're from Colorado.
-
2:43 - 2:46So in short, the question
we have tonight is, -
2:46 - 2:49how do we understand this mega-change,
-
2:49 - 2:53which I believe to be the biggest change
for the first half of the 21st century? -
2:53 - 2:56It'll affect so many things.
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2:56 - 2:58It will go to the absolute core.
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2:58 - 3:01It's happening quietly.
It's happening persistently. -
3:01 - 3:03It's happening in some senses
under the radar, -
3:03 - 3:05as we are all preoccupied with
-
3:05 - 3:08what's going in Ukraine,
what's going on in the Middle East, -
3:08 - 3:10what's going on with ISIS,
what's going on with ISIL, -
3:10 - 3:13what's happening with
the future of our economies. -
3:13 - 3:18This is a slow and quiet revolution.
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3:18 - 3:23And with a mega-change
comes also a mega-challenge, -
3:23 - 3:25and the mega-challenge is this:
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3:25 - 3:27Can these two great countries,
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3:27 - 3:30China and the United States --
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3:30 - 3:35China,
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3:36 - 3:37the Middle Kingdom,
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3:37 - 3:40and the United States,
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3:42 - 3:46Měiguó --
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3:46 - 3:49which in Chinese, by the way,
means "the beautiful country." -
3:49 - 3:53Think about that -- that's the name
that China has given this country -
3:53 - 3:54for more than a hundred years.
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3:54 - 3:58Whether these two great civilizations,
these two great countries, -
3:58 - 4:02can in fact carve out a common future
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4:02 - 4:05for themselves and for the world?
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4:05 - 4:08In short, can we carve out a future
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4:08 - 4:11which is peaceful and mutually prosperous,
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4:11 - 4:13or are we looking at a great challenge
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4:13 - 4:15of war or peace?
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4:15 - 4:18And I have 15 minutes
to work through war or peace, -
4:18 - 4:21which is a little less time
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4:21 - 4:26than they gave this guy to write a book
called "War and Peace." -
4:26 - 4:31People ask me, why is it that a kid
growing up in rural Australia -
4:31 - 4:32got interested in learning Chinese?
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4:32 - 4:34Well, there are two reasons for that.
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4:34 - 4:36Here's the first of them.
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4:36 - 4:38That's Betsy the cow.
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4:38 - 4:42Now, Betsy the cow was one
of a herd of dairy cattle -
4:42 - 4:45that I grew up with on a farm
in rural Australia. -
4:45 - 4:49See those hands there?
These are not built for farming. -
4:49 - 4:52So very early on, I discovered
that in fact, working in a farm -
4:52 - 4:56was not designed for me,
and China was a very safe remove -
4:56 - 4:58from any career in Australian farm life.
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4:58 - 5:00Here's the second reason.
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5:00 - 5:01That's my mom.
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5:01 - 5:04Anyone here ever listen
to what their mom told them to do? -
5:04 - 5:06Everyone ever do what
their mom told them to do? -
5:06 - 5:08I rarely did,
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5:08 - 5:10but what my mom said to me was,
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5:10 - 5:13one day, she handed me a newspaper,
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5:13 - 5:19a headline which said,
here we have a huge change. -
5:19 - 5:24And that change is China
entering the United Nations. -
5:24 - 5:271971, I had just turned 14 years of age,
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5:27 - 5:29and she handed me this headline.
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5:29 - 5:32And she said, "Understand this,
learn this, -
5:32 - 5:35because it's going to affect your future."
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5:35 - 5:38So being a very good student of history,
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5:38 - 5:41I decided that the best thing
for me to do was, in fact, -
5:41 - 5:43to go off and learn Chinese.
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5:43 - 5:45The great thing about learning Chinese
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5:45 - 5:49is that your Chinese teacher
gives you a new name. -
5:49 - 5:51And so they gave me this name:
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5:51 - 5:57Kè, which means to overcome or to conquer,
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5:57 - 6:01and Wén, and that's the character
for literature or the arts. -
6:01 - 6:06Kè Wén, Conqueror of the Classics.
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6:06 - 6:08Any of you guys called "Kevin"?
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6:08 - 6:12It's a major lift from being called Kevin
to be called Conqueror of the Classics. -
6:12 - 6:14(Laughter)
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6:14 - 6:16I've been called Kevin all my life.
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6:16 - 6:18Have you been called Kevin all your life?
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6:18 - 6:21Would you prefer to be called
Conqueror of the Classics? -
6:21 - 6:24And so I went off after that
and joined the Australian Foreign Service, -
6:24 - 6:31but here is where pride -- before pride,
there always comes a fall. -
6:31 - 6:34So there I am in the embassy in Beijing,
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6:34 - 6:36off to the Great Hall of the People
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6:36 - 6:39with our ambassador, who had asked me
to interpret for his first meeting -
6:39 - 6:41in the Great Hall of the People.
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6:41 - 6:43And so there was I.
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6:43 - 6:45If you've been to a Chinese meeting,
it's a giant horseshoe. -
6:45 - 6:48At the head of the horsehoe
are the really serious pooh-bahs, -
6:48 - 6:52and down the end of the horseshoe
are the not-so-serious pooh-bahs, -
6:52 - 6:54the junior woodchucks like me.
-
6:54 - 6:57And so the ambassador
began with this inelegant phrase. -
6:57 - 7:01He said, "China and Australia
are currently enjoying a relationship -
7:01 - 7:05of unprecedented closeness."
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7:05 - 7:06And I thought to myself,
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7:06 - 7:10"That sounds clumsy. That sounds odd.
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7:10 - 7:12I will improve it."
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7:12 - 7:15Note to file: Never do that.
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7:15 - 7:18It needed to be a little more elegant,
a little more classical, -
7:18 - 7:20so I rendered it as follows.
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7:20 - 7:26[In Chinese]
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7:26 - 7:29There was a big pause
on the other side of the room. -
7:29 - 7:33You could see the giant pooh-bahs
at the head of the horseshoe, -
7:33 - 7:36the blood visibly draining
from their faces, -
7:36 - 7:39and the junior woodchucks
at the other end of the horseshoe -
7:39 - 7:41engaged in peals of
unrestrained laughter. -
7:41 - 7:43Because when I rendered his sentence,
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7:43 - 7:45"Australia and China are
enjoying a relationship -
7:45 - 7:48of unprecedented closeness,"
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7:48 - 7:50in fact, what I said was that
Australia and China -
7:50 - 7:53were now experiencing fantastic orgasm.
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7:53 - 7:56(Laughter)
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7:59 - 8:03That was the last time
I was asked to interpret. -
8:03 - 8:06But in that little story,
there's a wisdom, which is, -
8:06 - 8:09as soon as you think you know something
about this extraordinary civilization -
8:09 - 8:12of 5,000 years of continuing history,
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8:12 - 8:14there's always something new to learn.
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8:16 - 8:18History is against us
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8:18 - 8:20when it comes to the U.S. and China
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8:20 - 8:22forging a common future together.
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8:22 - 8:24This guy up here?
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8:24 - 8:26He's not Chinese and he's not American.
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8:26 - 8:28He's Greek. His name's Thucydides.
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8:28 - 8:30He wrote the history
of the Peloponnesian Wars. -
8:30 - 8:33And he made this extraordinary observation
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8:33 - 8:35about Athens and Sparta.
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8:35 - 8:39"It was the rise of Athens
and the fear that this inspired in Sparta -
8:39 - 8:40that made war inevitable."
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8:40 - 8:45And hence, a whole literature about
something called the Thucydides Trap. -
8:45 - 8:49This guy here? He's not American
and he's not Greek. He's Chinese. -
8:49 - 8:52His name is Sun Tzu.
He wrote "The Art of War," -
8:52 - 8:55and if you see his statement underneath,
it's along these lines: -
8:55 - 9:00"Attack him where he is unprepared,
appear where you are not expected." -
9:00 - 9:04Not looking good so far
for China and the United States. -
9:04 - 9:07This guy is an American.
His name's Graham Allison. -
9:07 - 9:10In fact, he's a teacher
at the Kennedy School -
9:10 - 9:11over there in Boston.
-
9:11 - 9:14He's working on a single project
at the moment, which is, -
9:14 - 9:17does the Thucydides Trap
about the inevitably of war -
9:17 - 9:20between rising powers
and established great powers -
9:20 - 9:23apply to the future
of China-U.S. relations? -
9:23 - 9:25It's a core question.
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9:25 - 9:29And what Graham has done
is explore 15 cases in history -
9:29 - 9:31since the 1500s
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9:31 - 9:34to establish what the precedents are.
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9:34 - 9:36And in 11 out of 15 of them,
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9:36 - 9:38let me tell you,
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9:38 - 9:41they've ended in catastrophic war.
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9:41 - 9:44You may say, "But Kevin --
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9:44 - 9:47or Conqueror of the Classics --
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9:47 - 9:49that was the past.
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9:49 - 9:52We live now in a world
of interdependence and globalization. -
9:52 - 9:54It could never happen again."
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9:54 - 9:55Guess what?
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9:55 - 9:58The economic historians
tell us that in fact, -
9:58 - 10:00the time which we reached
the greatest point -
10:00 - 10:03of economic integration and globalization
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10:03 - 10:05was in 1914,
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10:05 - 10:09just before that happened, World War I,
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10:09 - 10:13a sobering reflection from history.
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10:13 - 10:15So if we are engaged
in this great question -
10:15 - 10:18of how China thinks, feels,
-
10:18 - 10:22and positions itself
towards the United States, -
10:22 - 10:24and the reverse,
-
10:24 - 10:26how do we get to the baseline
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10:26 - 10:29of how these two countries
and civilizations -
10:29 - 10:32can possibly work together?
-
10:32 - 10:34Let me first go to, in fact,
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10:34 - 10:37China's views of the U.S.
and the rest of the West. -
10:37 - 10:40Number one: China feels
as if it's been humiliated -
10:40 - 10:42at the hands of the West
through a hundred years of history, -
10:42 - 10:44beginning with the Opium Wars.
-
10:44 - 10:48When after that, the Western powers
carved China up into little pieces, -
10:48 - 10:51so that by the time
it got to the '20s and '30s, -
10:51 - 10:53signs like this one appeared
on the streets of Shanghai. -
10:53 - 10:55["No dogs and Chinese allowed"]
-
10:55 - 10:57How would you feel if you were Chinese,
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10:57 - 11:00in your own country,
if you saw that sign appear? -
11:00 - 11:03China also believes and feels
-
11:03 - 11:08as if, in the events of 1919,
at the Peace Conference in Paris, -
11:08 - 11:10when Germany's colonies were given back
-
11:10 - 11:12to all sorts of countries
around in the world, -
11:12 - 11:14what about German colonies in China?
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11:14 - 11:16They were, in fact, given to Japan.
-
11:16 - 11:21When Japan then invaded China in the 1930s
-
11:21 - 11:24the world looked away and was indifferent
to what would happen to China. -
11:24 - 11:27And then, on top of that,
the Chinese to this day believe -
11:27 - 11:29that the United States and the West
-
11:29 - 11:31do not accept the legitimacy
of their political system -
11:31 - 11:34because it's so radically different
from those of us who come -
11:34 - 11:36from liberal democracies,
-
11:36 - 11:38and believe that the United States
to this day is seeking -
11:38 - 11:41to undermine their political system.
-
11:41 - 11:44China also believes
that it is being contained -
11:44 - 11:49by U.S. allies and by those
with strategic partnerships with the U.S. -
11:49 - 11:51right around its periphery.
-
11:51 - 11:54And beyond all that,
the Chinese have this feeling -
11:54 - 11:57in their heart of hearts
and in their gut of guts -
11:57 - 12:01that those of us in the collective West
-
12:01 - 12:05are just too damned arrogant.
-
12:05 - 12:09That is, we don't recognize
the problems in our own system, -
12:09 - 12:11in our politics and our economics,
-
12:11 - 12:13and are very quick
to point the finger elsewhere, -
12:13 - 12:17and believe that, in fact,
we in the collective West -
12:17 - 12:21are guilty of a great bunch of hypocrisy.
-
12:21 - 12:24Of course, in international relations,
-
12:24 - 12:28it's not just the sound
of one hand clapping. -
12:28 - 12:31There's another country too,
and that's called the U.S. -
12:31 - 12:33So how does the U.S.
respond to all of the above? -
12:33 - 12:35The U.S. has a response to each of those.
-
12:35 - 12:38On the question of
is the U.S. containing China, -
12:38 - 12:42they say, "No, look at the history of
the Soviet Union. That was containment." -
12:42 - 12:44Instead, what we have done
in the U.S. and the West -
12:44 - 12:46is welcome China
into the global economy, -
12:46 - 12:49and on top of that, welcome them
into the World Trade Organization. -
12:49 - 12:51The U.S. and the West say China cheats
-
12:51 - 12:54on the question
of intellectual property rights, -
12:54 - 12:58and through cyberattacks
on U.S. and global firms. -
12:58 - 13:01Furthermore, the United States
says that the Chinese political system -
13:01 - 13:04is fundamentally wrong
-
13:04 - 13:08because it's at such fundamental variance
-
13:08 - 13:11to the human rights, democracy,
and rule of law that we enjoy -
13:11 - 13:14in the U.S. and the collective West.
-
13:14 - 13:17And on top of all the above,
what does the United States say? -
13:17 - 13:22That they fear that China will,
when it has sufficient power, -
13:22 - 13:26establish a sphere of influence
in Southeast Asia and wider East Asia, -
13:26 - 13:28boot the United States out,
-
13:28 - 13:30and in time, when it's powerful enough,
-
13:30 - 13:34unilaterally seek to change
the rules of the global order. -
13:34 - 13:36So apart from all of that,
it's just fine and dandy, -
13:36 - 13:38the U.S.-China relationship.
-
13:38 - 13:40No real problems there.
-
13:40 - 13:45The challenge, though,
is given those deep-rooted feelings, -
13:45 - 13:48those deep-rooted emotions
and thought patterns, -
13:48 - 13:51what the Chinese call "Sīwéi,"
ways of thinking, -
13:51 - 13:55how can we craft a basis
for a common future between these two? -
13:55 - 13:57I argue simply this:
-
13:57 - 13:59We can do it on the basis on a framework
-
13:59 - 14:03of constructive realism
for a common purpose. -
14:03 - 14:05What do I mean by that?
-
14:05 - 14:08Be realistic about the things
that we disagree on, -
14:08 - 14:10and a management approach
that doesn't enable -
14:10 - 14:13any one of those differences
to break into war or conflict -
14:13 - 14:16until we've acquired
the diplomatic skills to solve them. -
14:16 - 14:20Be constructive in areas of the
bilateral, regional and global engagement -
14:20 - 14:21between the two,
-
14:21 - 14:24which will make a difference
for all of humankind. -
14:24 - 14:28Build a regional institution
capable of cooperation in Asia, -
14:28 - 14:30an Asia-Pacific community.
-
14:30 - 14:32And worldwide, act further,
-
14:32 - 14:35like you've begun to do
at the end of last year -
14:35 - 14:37by striking out against climate change
-
14:37 - 14:41with hands joined together
rather than fists apart. -
14:41 - 14:44Of course, all that happens
if you've got a common mechanism -
14:44 - 14:46and political will to achieve the above.
-
14:46 - 14:49These things are deliverable.
-
14:49 - 14:53But the question is,
are they deliverable alone? -
14:53 - 14:56This is what our head
tells us we need to do, -
14:56 - 14:58but what about our heart?
-
14:58 - 15:01I have a little experience
in the question back home -
15:01 - 15:04of how you try to bring
together two peoples -
15:04 - 15:08who, frankly, haven't had
a whole lot in common in the past. -
15:08 - 15:11And that's when I apologized
to Australia's indigenous peoples. -
15:11 - 15:15This was a day of reckoning
in the Australian government, -
15:15 - 15:18the Australian parliament,
and for the Australian people. -
15:18 - 15:23After 200 years of unbridled abuse
towards the first Australians, -
15:23 - 15:28it was high time that we white folks
said we were sorry. -
15:28 - 15:29The important thing --
-
15:29 - 15:34(Applause)
-
15:34 - 15:37The important thing that I remember
is staring in the faces -
15:37 - 15:40of all those from Aboriginal Australia
-
15:40 - 15:42as they came to listen to this apology.
-
15:42 - 15:46It was extraordinary to see, for example,
-
15:46 - 15:50old women telling me the stories
of when they were five years old -
15:50 - 15:53and literally ripped away
from their parents, -
15:53 - 15:55like this lady here.
-
15:55 - 15:59It was extraordinary for me
to then be able to embrace -
15:59 - 16:03and to kiss Aboriginal elders
as they came into the parliament building, -
16:03 - 16:04and one woman said to me,
-
16:04 - 16:07it's the first time a white fella
had ever kissed her in her life, -
16:07 - 16:09and she was over 70.
-
16:09 - 16:12That's a terrible story.
-
16:12 - 16:14And then I remember
this family saying to me, -
16:14 - 16:18"You know, we drove all the way
from the far North down to Canberra -
16:18 - 16:20to come to this thing,
-
16:20 - 16:22drove our way through redneck country.
-
16:22 - 16:28On the way back, stopped at a cafe
after the apology for a milkshake." -
16:28 - 16:34And they walked into this cafe
quietly, tentatively, gingerly, -
16:34 - 16:36a little anxious.
-
16:36 - 16:38I think you know what I'm talking about.
-
16:38 - 16:42But the day after the apology,
what happened? -
16:42 - 16:46Everyone in that cafe,
every one of the white folks, -
16:46 - 16:49stood up and applauded.
-
16:49 - 16:54Something had happened in the hearts
of these people in Australia. -
16:54 - 16:57The white folks, our Aboriginal
brothers and sisters, -
16:57 - 17:00and we haven't solved
all these problems together, -
17:00 - 17:03but let me tell you,
there was a new beginning -
17:03 - 17:06because we had gone not just to the head,
-
17:06 - 17:09we'd gone also to the heart.
-
17:09 - 17:11So where does that conclude
in terms of the great question -
17:11 - 17:14that we've been asked
to address this evening, -
17:14 - 17:17which is the future
of U.S.-China relations? -
17:17 - 17:19The head says there's a way forward.
-
17:19 - 17:23The head says there is a policy framework,
there's a common narrative, -
17:23 - 17:25there's a mechanism
through regular summitry -
17:25 - 17:26to do these things
and to make them better. -
17:26 - 17:32But the heart must also find a way
to reimagine the possibilities -
17:32 - 17:34of the America-China relationship,
-
17:34 - 17:38and the possibilities of China's
future engagement in the world. -
17:38 - 17:44Sometimes, folks, we just need
to take a leap of faith -
17:44 - 17:48not quite knowing where we might land.
-
17:48 - 17:52In China, they now talk about
the Chinese Dream. -
17:52 - 17:57In America, we're all familiar
with the term "the American Dream." -
17:57 - 18:00I think it's time, across the world,
-
18:00 - 18:06that we're able to think also
of something we might also call -
18:06 - 18:11a dream for all humankind.
-
18:11 - 18:13Because if we do that,
-
18:13 - 18:16we might just change the way
-
18:16 - 18:21that we think about each other.
-
18:24 - 18:27[In Chinese]
-
18:27 - 18:30That's my challenge to America.
That's my challenge to China. -
18:30 - 18:33That's my challenge to all of us,
-
18:33 - 18:36but I think where there's a will
and where there is imagination -
18:36 - 18:38we can turn this into a future
-
18:38 - 18:41driven by peace and prosperity
-
18:41 - 18:43and not once again repeat
-
18:43 - 18:45the tragedies of war.
-
18:45 - 18:47I thank you.
-
18:47 - 18:52(Applause)
-
18:52 - 18:55Chris Anderson: Thanks so much for that.
Thanks so much for that. -
18:55 - 19:00It feels like you yourself
have a role to play in this bridging. -
19:00 - 19:04You, in a way, are uniquely placed
to speak to both sides. -
19:04 - 19:07Kevin Rudd: Well, what we Australians
do best is organize the drinks, -
19:07 - 19:11so you get them together in one room,
and we suggest this and suggest that, -
19:11 - 19:12then we go and get the drinks.
-
19:12 - 19:14But no, look, for all of us
who are friends -
19:14 - 19:17of these two great countries,
America and China, -
19:17 - 19:18you can do something.
-
19:18 - 19:20You can make a practical contribution,
-
19:20 - 19:22and for all you good folks here,
-
19:22 - 19:24next time you meet someone from China,
-
19:24 - 19:25sit down and have a conversation.
-
19:25 - 19:29See what you can find out about
where they come from and what they think, -
19:29 - 19:31and my challenge for all
the Chinese folks -
19:31 - 19:33who are going to watch
this TED Talk at some time -
19:33 - 19:36is do the same.
-
19:36 - 19:39Two of us seeking to change the world
can actually make a huge difference. -
19:39 - 19:42Those of us up the middle,
we can make a small contribution. -
19:42 - 19:45CA: Kevin, all power to you,
my friend. Thank you. -
19:45 - 19:47KR: Thank you. Thank you, folks.
-
19:47 - 19:49(Applause)
- Title:
- Are China and the US doomed to conflict?
- Speaker:
- Kevin Rudd
- Description:
-
The former prime minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd is also a longtime student of China, with a unique vantage point to watch its power rise in the past few decades. He asks whether the growing ambition of China will inevitably lead to conflict with other major powers — and suggests another narrative.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 20:01
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for Are China and the US doomed to conflict? |