The unexpected challenges of a country's first election
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0:01 - 0:04The great philosopher Aristotle said
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0:05 - 0:08if something doesn't exist,
there's no word for it, -
0:09 - 0:12and if there's no word for something,
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0:12 - 0:13that something doesn't exist.
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0:14 - 0:16So when we talk about elections,
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0:16 - 0:20we in established democracies,
we know what we're talking about. -
0:20 - 0:22We've got the words.
We have the vocabulary. -
0:22 - 0:24We know what a polling station is.
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0:24 - 0:26We know what a ballot paper is.
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0:27 - 0:31But what about countries
where democracy doesn't exist, -
0:32 - 0:36countries where there are
no words to describe the concepts -
0:36 - 0:39that underpin a democratic society?
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0:40 - 0:42I work in the field
of electoral assistance, -
0:42 - 0:44so that's to say we assist
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0:44 - 0:46emerging democracies to organize
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0:46 - 0:48what is often their first elections.
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0:49 - 0:51When people ask me what I do,
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0:51 - 0:53quite often I get this answer.
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0:53 - 0:57"Oh, so you're one of these people
who goes around the world -
0:57 - 1:01imposing Western democracy
on countries that can't handle it." -
1:02 - 1:07Well, the United Nations
does not impose anything on anybody. -
1:08 - 1:09It really doesn't,
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1:09 - 1:11and also, what we do
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1:11 - 1:18is firmly anchored in the 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, -
1:18 - 1:20Article 21, that says
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1:20 - 1:23that everybody should have the right
to choose who governs them. -
1:24 - 1:26So that's the basis of the work.
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1:26 - 1:28I specialize in public outreach.
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1:28 - 1:31What does that mean? Another jargon.
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1:31 - 1:35It actually means
designing information campaigns -
1:35 - 1:37so that candidates and voters
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1:37 - 1:41who have never had the opportunity
to participate or to vote -
1:41 - 1:45understand where, when, how to register;
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1:45 - 1:47where, when, how to vote;
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1:47 - 1:50why, why it is important to take part.
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1:51 - 1:55So I'll probably devise a specific
campaign to reach out to women -
1:55 - 1:57to make sure that they can take part,
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1:57 - 1:59that they can be part of the process.
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1:59 - 2:01Young people as well.
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2:01 - 2:02All sorts of people.
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2:03 - 2:04Handicapped people.
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2:04 - 2:06We try to reach everybody.
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2:07 - 2:10And it's not always easy,
because very often in this work, -
2:10 - 2:13I've noticed now over the years
that I've been doing it -
2:13 - 2:16that words are lacking,
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2:16 - 2:18and so what do you do?
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2:18 - 2:19Afghanistan.
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2:20 - 2:23It's a country with
high levels of illiteracy, -
2:23 - 2:27and the thing about that was,
it was in 2005, -
2:27 - 2:31and we organized two elections
on the same day. -
2:31 - 2:35The reason was because the logistics
are so incredibly difficult, -
2:35 - 2:37it seemed to be more efficient to do that.
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2:37 - 2:38It was,
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2:38 - 2:43but on the other hand,
explaining two elections instead of one -
2:43 - 2:44was even more complicated.
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2:44 - 2:47So we used a lot of images,
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2:47 - 2:50and when it came to the actual ballot,
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2:50 - 2:53we had problems, because
so many people wanted to take part, -
2:53 - 2:58we had 300 candidates for 52 seats
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2:58 - 3:01in the Wolesi Jirga,
which is the parliamentary elections. -
3:02 - 3:05And for the Provincial Council,
we had even more candidates. -
3:05 - 3:08We had 330 for 54 seats.
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3:08 - 3:11So talking about ballot design,
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3:11 - 3:15this is what the ballot looked like.
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3:16 - 3:17It's the size of a newspaper.
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3:17 - 3:19This was the Wolesi Jirga ballot --
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3:19 - 3:21(Laughter)
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3:21 - 3:22Yeah, and --
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3:23 - 3:26this was the Provincial Council ballot.
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3:27 - 3:29Even more.
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3:29 - 3:34So you see, we did use
a lot of symbols and things like that. -
3:34 - 3:38And we had other problems
in Southern Sudan. -
3:38 - 3:41Southern Sudan was a very different story.
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3:41 - 3:44We had so many people
who had never, of course, voted, -
3:44 - 3:48but we had extremely, extremely
high levels of illiteracy, -
3:49 - 3:51very, very poor infrastructure.
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3:51 - 3:55For example -- I mean, it's a country
the size of Texas, more or less. -
3:56 - 3:58We had seven kilometers of paved roads,
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3:59 - 4:01seven kilometers in the whole country,
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4:01 - 4:04and that includes the tarmac
where we landed the planes -
4:05 - 4:06in Juba Airport.
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4:06 - 4:09So transporting electoral materials, etc.,
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4:09 - 4:11is exceedingly difficult.
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4:12 - 4:16People had no idea
about what a box looked like. -
4:17 - 4:19It was very complicated,
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4:19 - 4:23so using verbal communication
was obviously the way to go, -
4:23 - 4:26but there were 132 languages.
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4:27 - 4:30So that was extremely challenging.
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4:30 - 4:34Then I arrived in Tunisia in 2011.
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4:34 - 4:36It was the Arab Spring.
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4:36 - 4:40A huge amount of hope was generated
by that enormous movement -
4:40 - 4:42that was going on in the region.
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4:42 - 4:45There was Libya,
there was Egypt, there was Yemen. -
4:45 - 4:48It was an enormous, enormous
historical moment. -
4:48 - 4:51And I was sitting
with the election commission, -
4:51 - 4:54and we were talking
about various aspects of the election, -
4:55 - 4:58and I was hearing them using words
that I hadn't actually heard before, -
4:58 - 5:02and I'd worked with Iraqis,
I'd worked with Jordanians, Egyptians, -
5:02 - 5:05and suddenly they were using these words,
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5:05 - 5:06and I just thought, "This is strange."
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5:06 - 5:09And what really gave rise to it
was this word "observer." -
5:09 - 5:12We were discussing election observers,
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5:12 - 5:16and the election commissioner
was talking about "mulahiz" in Arabic. -
5:16 - 5:21This means "to notice"
in a passive sort of sense, -
5:21 - 5:24as in, "I noticed
he was wearing a light blue shirt." -
5:24 - 5:28Did I go and check whether
the shirt was light blue or not? -
5:28 - 5:30That is the role of an election observer.
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5:30 - 5:34It's very active, it's governed
by all kinds of treaties, -
5:34 - 5:37and it has got
that control function in it. -
5:37 - 5:39And then I got wind
of the fact that in Egypt, -
5:39 - 5:42they were using this term "mutabi’,"
which means "to follow." -
5:42 - 5:45So we were now having
followers of an election. -
5:45 - 5:47So that's not quite right either,
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5:47 - 5:50because there is a term
that's already accepted and in use, -
5:50 - 5:53which was the word "muraqib"
which means "a controller." -
5:53 - 5:56It's got that notion of control.
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5:56 - 5:59So I thought, three words
for one concept. This is not good. -
5:59 - 6:02And with our colleagues,
we thought perhaps it's our role -
6:02 - 6:06to actually help make sure
that the words are understood -
6:07 - 6:10and actually create a work of reference
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6:10 - 6:12that could be used across the Arab region.
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6:12 - 6:14And that's what we did.
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6:14 - 6:15So together with these colleagues,
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6:15 - 6:19we launched the "Arabic Lexicon
of Electoral Terminology," -
6:19 - 6:22and we worked
in eight different countries. -
6:23 - 6:27It meant actually defining 481 terms
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6:27 - 6:30which formed the basis
of everything you need to know -
6:30 - 6:32if you're going to organize
a democratic election. -
6:33 - 6:34And we defined these terms,
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6:34 - 6:36and we worked with the Arab colleagues
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6:36 - 6:40and came to an agreement
about what would be the appropriate word -
6:40 - 6:42to use in Arabic.
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6:42 - 6:46Because the Arabic language is very rich,
and that's part of the problem. -
6:46 - 6:49But there are 22 countries
that speak Arabic, -
6:49 - 6:54and they use modern standard Arabic,
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6:54 - 6:56which is the Arabic
that is used across the whole region -
6:57 - 6:59in newspapers and broadcasts,
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6:59 - 7:04but of course, then from one country
to the next in day to day language and use -
7:04 - 7:07it varies -- dialect, colloquialisms, etc.
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7:07 - 7:10So that was another
added layer of complication. -
7:10 - 7:12So in one sense you had the problem
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7:12 - 7:16that language wasn't
fully ripe, if you like, -
7:16 - 7:19neologisms were coming up,
new expressions. -
7:19 - 7:21And so we defined all these terms,
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7:21 - 7:24and then we had
eight correspondents in the region. -
7:24 - 7:26We submitted the draft to them,
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7:26 - 7:28they responded back to us.
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7:28 - 7:31"Yes, we understand the definition.
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7:31 - 7:32We agree with it,
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7:32 - 7:35but this is what we say in our country."
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7:35 - 7:39Because we were not going
to harmonize or force harmonization. -
7:39 - 7:42We were trying to facilitate
understanding among people. -
7:43 - 7:48So in yellow, you see
the different expressions in use -
7:48 - 7:49in the various countries.
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7:50 - 7:54So this, I'm happy to say,
it took three years to produce this -
7:54 - 7:58because we also finalized the draft
and took it actually into the field, -
7:58 - 8:01sat with the election commissions
in all these different countries, -
8:01 - 8:04debated and defined and refined the draft,
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8:04 - 8:09and finally published it
in November 2014 in Cairo. -
8:09 - 8:13And it's gone a long way.
We published 10,000 copies. -
8:13 - 8:18To date, there's about 3,000 downloads
off the internet in PDF form. -
8:18 - 8:22I heard just recently from a colleague
that they've taken it up in Somalia. -
8:22 - 8:25They're going to produce
a version of this in Somalia, -
8:25 - 8:27because there's nothing in Somalia at all.
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8:27 - 8:30So that's very good to know.
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8:30 - 8:34And this newly formed Arab Organization
for Electoral Management Bodies, -
8:34 - 8:37which is trying to professionalize
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8:37 - 8:39how elections are run in the region,
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8:39 - 8:42they're using it as well.
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8:42 - 8:47And the Arab League have now
built up a pan-Arab observation unit, -
8:48 - 8:49and they're using it.
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8:49 - 8:51So that's all really good.
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8:51 - 8:55However, this work of reference
is quite high-pitched. -
8:55 - 8:58It's complex, and a lot of the terms
are quite technical, -
8:58 - 9:02so the average person probably doesn't
need to know at least a third of it. -
9:03 - 9:05But the people of the Middle East
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9:05 - 9:10have been deprived of any form
of what we know as civic education. -
9:10 - 9:12It's part of our curriculum at school.
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9:12 - 9:15It doesn't really exist
in that part of the world, -
9:15 - 9:18and I feel it's really
the right of everybody -
9:18 - 9:20to know how these things work.
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9:20 - 9:25And it's a good thing to think about
producing a work of reference -
9:25 - 9:26for the average person,
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9:26 - 9:28and bearing in mind that now
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9:29 - 9:31we have a basis to work with,
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9:31 - 9:33but also we have technology,
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9:33 - 9:37so we can reach out using telephone apps,
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9:37 - 9:39video, animation.
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9:39 - 9:42There's all sorts of tools
that can be used now -
9:42 - 9:44to communicate these ideas to people
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9:44 - 9:47for the first time in their own language.
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9:48 - 9:50We hear a lot of misery
about the Middle East. -
9:50 - 9:54We hear the chaos of war.
We hear terrorism. -
9:54 - 9:59We hear about sectarianism
and all this horrible negative news -
9:59 - 10:01that comes to us all the time.
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10:01 - 10:06What we're not hearing is what are
the people, the everyday people, thinking? -
10:06 - 10:07What are they aspiring to?
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10:08 - 10:12Let's give them the means,
let's give them the words. -
10:12 - 10:15The silent majority is silent
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10:15 - 10:17because they don't have the words.
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10:17 - 10:20The silent majority needs to know.
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10:20 - 10:23It is time to provide people
with the knowledge tools -
10:23 - 10:26that they can inform themselves with.
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10:27 - 10:30The silent majority
does not need to be silent. -
10:30 - 10:32Let's help them have a voice.
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10:32 - 10:34Thank you very much.
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10:34 - 10:39(Applause)
- Title:
- The unexpected challenges of a country's first election
- Speaker:
- Philippa Neave
- Description:
-
How do you teach an entire country how to vote when no one has done it before? It's a huge challenge facing fledgling democracies around the world — and one of the biggest problems turns out to be a lack of shared language. After all, if you can't describe something, you probably can't understand it. In this eye-opening talk, election expert Philippa Neave shares her experiences from the front lines of democracy -- and her solution to this unique language gap.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 10:51
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for The unexpected challenges of a country's first election |