What if 3D printing was 100x faster?
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0:01 - 0:03I'm thrilled to be here tonight
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0:03 - 0:05to share with you something
we've been working on -
0:05 - 0:07for over two years,
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0:07 - 0:10and it's in the area
of additive manufacturing, -
0:10 - 0:13also known as 3D printing.
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0:13 - 0:14You see this object here.
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0:14 - 0:18It looks fairly simple,
but it's quite complex at the same time. -
0:19 - 0:22It's a set of concentric
geodesic structures -
0:22 - 0:25with linkages between each one.
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0:25 - 0:31In its context, it is not manufacturable
by traditional manufacturing techniques. -
0:31 - 0:35It has a symmetry such
that you can't injection mold it. -
0:35 - 0:39You can't even manufacture it
through milling. -
0:39 - 0:42This is a job for a 3D printer,
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0:42 - 0:47but most 3D printers would take between
three and 10 hours to fabricate it, -
0:47 - 0:51and we're going to take the risk tonight
to try to fabricate it onstage -
0:51 - 0:53during this 10-minute talk.
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0:53 - 0:55Wish us luck.
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0:56 - 1:00Now, 3D printing is actually a misnomer.
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1:00 - 1:03It's actually 2D printing
over and over again, -
1:04 - 1:08and it in fact uses the technologies
associated with 2D printing. -
1:08 - 1:13Think about inkjet printing where you
lay down ink on a page to make letters, -
1:13 - 1:18and then do that over and over again
to build up a three-dimensional object. -
1:18 - 1:20In microelectronics, they use something
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1:20 - 1:23called lithography to do
the same sort of thing, -
1:23 - 1:25to make the transistors
and integrated circuits -
1:25 - 1:27and build up a structure several times.
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1:27 - 1:29These are all 2D printing technologies.
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1:30 - 1:34Now, I'm a chemist,
a material scientist too, -
1:34 - 1:37and my co-inventors
are also material scientists, -
1:37 - 1:39one a chemist, one a physicist,
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1:39 - 1:42and we began to be
interested in 3D printing. -
1:42 - 1:48And very often, as you know,
new ideas are often simple connections -
1:48 - 1:51between people with different experiences
in different communities, -
1:51 - 1:53and that's our story.
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1:54 - 1:56Now, we were inspired
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1:56 - 2:01by the "Terminator 2" scene for T-1000,
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2:01 - 2:06and we thought, why couldn't a 3D printer
operate in this fashion, -
2:06 - 2:10where you have an object
arise out of a puddle -
2:11 - 2:14in essentially real time
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2:14 - 2:16with essentially no waste
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2:16 - 2:18to make a great object?
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2:18 - 2:19Okay, just like the movies.
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2:19 - 2:23And could we be inspired by Hollywood
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2:23 - 2:26and come up with ways
to actually try to get this to work? -
2:26 - 2:28And that was our challenge.
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2:28 - 2:32And our approach would be,
if we could do this, -
2:32 - 2:36then we could fundamentally address
the three issues holding back 3D printing -
2:36 - 2:38from being a manufacturing process.
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2:38 - 2:41One, 3D printing takes forever.
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2:41 - 2:46There are mushrooms that grow faster
than 3D printed parts. (Laughter) -
2:47 - 2:49The layer by layer process
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2:49 - 2:52leads to defects
in mechanical properties, -
2:52 - 2:56and if we could grow continuously,
we could eliminate those defects. -
2:56 - 3:01And in fact, if we could grow really fast,
we could also start using materials -
3:01 - 3:06that are self-curing,
and we could have amazing properties. -
3:06 - 3:10So if we could pull this off,
imitate Hollywood, -
3:10 - 3:13we could in fact address 3D manufacturing.
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3:15 - 3:18Our approach is to use
some standard knowledge -
3:18 - 3:21in polymer chemistry
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3:21 - 3:27to harness light and oxygen
to grow parts continuously. -
3:27 - 3:30Light and oxygen work in different ways.
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3:30 - 3:33Light can take a resin
and convert it to a solid, -
3:33 - 3:35can convert a liquid to a solid.
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3:35 - 3:39Oxygen inhibits that process.
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3:39 - 3:42So light and oxygen
are polar opposites from one another -
3:42 - 3:45from a chemical point of view,
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3:45 - 3:48and if we can control spatially
the light and oxygen, -
3:48 - 3:50we could control this process.
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3:50 - 3:54And we refer to this as CLIP.
[Continuous Liquid Interface Production.] -
3:54 - 3:56It has three functional components.
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3:56 - 4:00One, it has a reservoir
that holds the puddle, -
4:00 - 4:02just like the T-1000.
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4:02 - 4:05At the bottom of the reservoir
is a special window. -
4:05 - 4:06I'll come back to that.
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4:06 - 4:10In addition, it has a stage
that will lower into the puddle -
4:10 - 4:12and pull the object out of the liquid.
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4:12 - 4:16The third component
is a digital light projection system -
4:16 - 4:18underneath the reservoir,
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4:18 - 4:22illuminating with light
in the ultraviolet region. -
4:22 - 4:25Now, the key is that this window
in the bottom of this reservoir, -
4:25 - 4:28it's a composite,
it's a very special window. -
4:28 - 4:32It's not only transparent to light
but it's permeable to oxygen. -
4:32 - 4:34It's got characteristics
like a contact lens. -
4:35 - 4:38So we can see how the process works.
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4:38 - 4:41You can start to see that
as you lower a stage in there, -
4:41 - 4:45in a traditional process,
with an oxygen-impermeable window, -
4:45 - 4:47you make a two-dimensional pattern
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4:48 - 4:51and you end up gluing that onto the window
with a traditional window, -
4:51 - 4:55and so in order to introduce
the next layer, you have to separate it, -
4:55 - 4:58introduce new resin, reposition it,
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4:58 - 5:01and do this process over and over again.
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5:01 - 5:03But with our very special window,
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5:03 - 5:07what we're able to do is,
with oxygen coming through the bottom -
5:07 - 5:08as light hits it,
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5:09 - 5:12that oxygen inhibits the reaction,
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5:12 - 5:15and we form a dead zone.
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5:15 - 5:19This dead zone is on the order
of tens of microns thick, -
5:19 - 5:22so that's two or three diameters
of a red blood cell, -
5:22 - 5:25right at the window interface
that remains a liquid, -
5:25 - 5:27and we pull this object up,
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5:27 - 5:29and as we talked about in a Science paper,
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5:29 - 5:34as we change the oxygen content,
we can change the dead zone thickness. -
5:34 - 5:37And so we have a number of key variables
that we control: oxygen content, -
5:37 - 5:40the light, the light intensity,
the dose to cure, -
5:40 - 5:42the viscosity, the geometry,
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5:42 - 5:46and we use very sophisticated software
to control this process. -
5:47 - 5:49The result is pretty staggering.
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5:49 - 5:53It's 25 to 100 times faster
than traditional 3D printers, -
5:54 - 5:56which is game-changing.
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5:56 - 6:01In addition, as our ability
to deliver liquid to that interface, -
6:01 - 6:04we can go 1,000 times faster I believe,
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6:04 - 6:08and that in fact opens up the opportunity
for generating a lot of heat, -
6:08 - 6:12and as a chemical engineer,
I get very excited at heat transfer -
6:12 - 6:16and the idea that we might one day
have water-cooled 3D printers, -
6:16 - 6:18because they're going so fast.
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6:18 - 6:22In addition, because we're growing things,
we eliminate the layers, -
6:22 - 6:24and the parts are monolithic.
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6:24 - 6:27You don't see the surface structure.
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6:27 - 6:29You have molecularly smooth surfaces.
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6:29 - 6:33And the mechanical properties
of most parts made in a 3D printer -
6:33 - 6:38are notorious for having properties
that depend on the orientation -
6:38 - 6:41with which how you printed it,
because of the layer-like structure. -
6:41 - 6:44But when you grow objects like this,
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6:44 - 6:47the properties are invariant
with the print direction. -
6:47 - 6:50These look like injection-molded parts,
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6:50 - 6:54which is very different
than traditional 3D manufacturing. -
6:54 - 6:57In addition, we're able to throw
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6:57 - 7:01the entire polymer
chemistry textbook at this, -
7:01 - 7:05and we're able to design chemistries
that can give rise to the properties -
7:05 - 7:08you really want in a 3D-printed object.
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7:08 - 7:09(Applause)
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7:09 - 7:12There it is. That's great.
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7:14 - 7:18You always take the risk that something
like this won't work onstage, right? -
7:18 - 7:21But we can have materials
with great mechanical properties. -
7:21 - 7:23For the first time, we can have elastomers
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7:23 - 7:26that are high elasticity
or high dampening. -
7:26 - 7:29Think about vibration control
or great sneakers, for example. -
7:29 - 7:32We can make materials
that have incredible strength, -
7:33 - 7:36high strength-to-weight ratio,
really strong materials, -
7:36 - 7:39really great elastomers,
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7:39 - 7:41so throw that in the audience there.
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7:41 - 7:44So great material properties.
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7:44 - 7:47And so the opportunity now,
if you actually make a part -
7:47 - 7:51that has the properties
to be a final part, -
7:51 - 7:54and you do it in game-changing speeds,
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7:54 - 7:57you can actually transform manufacturing.
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7:57 - 8:00Right now, in manufacturing,
what happens is, -
8:00 - 8:03the so-called digital thread
in digital manufacturing. -
8:03 - 8:08We go from a CAD drawing, a design,
to a prototype to manufacturing. -
8:08 - 8:10Often, the digital thread is broken
right at prototype, -
8:10 - 8:13because you can't go
all the way to manufacturing -
8:13 - 8:17because most parts don't have
the properties to be a final part. -
8:17 - 8:19We now can connect the digital thread
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8:19 - 8:23all the way from design
to prototyping to manufacturing, -
8:23 - 8:26and that opportunity
really opens up all sorts of things, -
8:26 - 8:31from better fuel-efficient cars
dealing with great lattice properties -
8:31 - 8:33with high strength-to-weight ratio,
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8:33 - 8:37new turbine blades,
all sorts of wonderful things. -
8:37 - 8:43Think about if you need a stent
in an emergency situation, -
8:43 - 8:47instead of the doctor pulling off
a stent out of the shelf -
8:47 - 8:49that was just standard sizes,
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8:49 - 8:53having a stent that's designed
for you, for your own anatomy -
8:53 - 8:55with your own tributaries,
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8:55 - 8:58printed in an emergency situation
in real time out of the properties -
8:58 - 9:01such that the stent could go away
after 18 months: really-game changing. -
9:01 - 9:06Or digital dentistry, and making
these kinds of structures -
9:06 - 9:09even while you're in the dentist chair.
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9:09 - 9:12And look at the structures
that my students are making -
9:12 - 9:14at the University of North Carolina.
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9:14 - 9:16These are amazing microscale structures.
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9:16 - 9:19You know, the world is really good
at nano-fabrication. -
9:19 - 9:24Moore's Law has driven things
from 10 microns and below. -
9:24 - 9:25We're really good at that,
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9:25 - 9:29but it's actually very hard to make things
from 10 microns to 1,000 microns, -
9:29 - 9:31the mesoscale.
-
9:31 - 9:34And subtractive techniques
from the silicon industry -
9:34 - 9:36can't do that very well.
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9:36 - 9:37They can't etch wafers that well.
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9:37 - 9:39But this process is so gentle,
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9:39 - 9:42we can grow these objects
up from the bottom -
9:42 - 9:44using additive manufacturing
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9:44 - 9:46and make amazing things
in tens of seconds, -
9:46 - 9:48opening up new sensor technologies,
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9:48 - 9:50new drug delivery techniques,
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9:50 - 9:54new lab-on-a-chip applications,
really game-changing stuff. -
9:55 - 10:00So the opportunity of making
a part in real time -
10:00 - 10:03that has the properties to be a final part
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10:03 - 10:06really opens up 3D manufacturing,
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10:06 - 10:09and for us, this is very exciting,
because this really is owning -
10:09 - 10:16the intersection between hardware,
software and molecular science, -
10:16 - 10:20and I can't wait to see what designers
and engineers around the world -
10:20 - 10:22are going to be able to do
with this great tool. -
10:22 - 10:25Thanks for listening.
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10:25 - 10:30(Applause)
- Title:
- What if 3D printing was 100x faster?
- Speaker:
- Joe DeSimone
- Description:
-
What we think of as 3D printing, says Joseph DeSimone, is really just 2D printing over and over ... slowly. Onstage at TED2015, he unveils a bold new technique — inspired, yes, by Terminator 2 — that's 25 to 100 times faster, and creates smooth, strong parts. Could it finally help to fulfill the tremendous promise of 3D printing?
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 10:45
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