Feats of memory anyone can do
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0:00 - 0:05I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.
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0:05 - 0:08Imagine yourself standing
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0:08 - 0:11outside the front door of your home.
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0:11 - 0:15I'd like you to notice the color of the door,
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0:15 - 0:19the material that it's made out of.
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0:19 - 0:26Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.
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0:26 - 0:29They are competing in a naked bicycle race,
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0:29 - 0:32and they are headed straight for your front door.
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0:32 - 0:34I need you to actually see this.
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0:34 - 0:38They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty,
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0:38 - 0:40they're bouncing around a lot.
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0:40 - 0:44And they crash straight into the front door of your home.
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0:44 - 0:48Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you,
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0:48 - 0:52spokes end up in awkward places.
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0:52 - 0:55Step over the threshold of your door
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0:55 - 0:58into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side,
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0:58 - 1:02and appreciate the quality of the light.
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1:02 - 1:08The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.
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1:08 - 1:11Cookie Monster is waving at you
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1:11 - 1:13from his perch on top of a tan horse.
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1:13 - 1:15It's a talking horse.
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1:15 - 1:20You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
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1:20 - 1:24You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.
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1:24 - 1:28Walk past him. Walk past him into your living room.
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1:28 - 1:31In your living room, in full imaginative broadband,
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1:31 - 1:34picture Britney Spears.
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1:34 - 1:39She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table,
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1:39 - 1:42and she's singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
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1:42 - 1:45And then follow me into your kitchen.
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1:45 - 1:49In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road
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1:49 - 1:53and out of your oven are coming towards you
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1:53 - 1:55Dorothy, the Tin Man,
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1:55 - 1:57the Scarecrow and the Lion from "The Wizard of Oz,"
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1:57 - 2:00hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.
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2:00 - 2:04Okay. Open your eyes.
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2:04 - 2:08I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest
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2:08 - 2:11that is held every spring in New York City.
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2:11 - 2:14It's called the United States Memory Championship.
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2:14 - 2:17And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back
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2:17 - 2:19as a science journalist
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2:19 - 2:22expecting, I guess, that this was going to be
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2:22 - 2:25like the Superbowl of savants.
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2:25 - 2:28This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies,
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2:28 - 2:33widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.
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2:33 - 2:35(Laughter)
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2:35 - 2:39They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers,
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2:39 - 2:41looking at them just once.
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2:41 - 2:45They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.
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2:45 - 2:49They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.
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2:49 - 2:51They were competing to see who could memorize
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2:51 - 2:55the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
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2:55 - 2:57I was like, this is unbelievable.
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2:57 - 3:00These people must be freaks of nature.
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3:00 - 3:03And I started talking to a few of the competitors.
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3:03 - 3:05This is a guy called Ed Cook
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3:05 - 3:06who had come over from England
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3:06 - 3:08where he had one of the best trained memories.
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3:08 - 3:12And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize
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3:12 - 3:15that you were a savant?"
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3:15 - 3:17And Ed was like, "I'm not a savant.
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3:17 - 3:20In fact, I have just an average memory.
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3:20 - 3:22Everybody who competes in this contest
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3:22 - 3:25will tell you that they have just an average memory.
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3:25 - 3:27We've all trained ourselves
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3:27 - 3:31to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory
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3:31 - 3:33using a set of ancient techniques,
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3:33 - 3:37techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece,
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3:37 - 3:40the same techniques that Cicero had used
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3:40 - 3:42to memorize his speeches,
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3:42 - 3:46that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books."
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3:46 - 3:49And I was like, "Whoa. How come I never heard of this before?"
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3:49 - 3:52And we were standing outside the competition hall,
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3:52 - 3:56and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant,
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3:56 - 3:59but somewhat eccentric English guy,
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3:59 - 4:03says to me, "Josh, you're an American journalist.
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4:03 - 4:05Do you know Britney Spears?"
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4:05 - 4:10I'm like, "What? No. Why?"
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4:10 - 4:13"Because I really want to teach Britney Spears
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4:13 - 4:16how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards
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4:16 - 4:18on U.S. national television.
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4:18 - 4:21It will prove to the world that anybody can do this."
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4:21 - 4:26(Laughter)
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4:26 - 4:29I was like, "Well I'm not Britney Spears,
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4:29 - 4:32but maybe you could teach me.
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4:32 - 4:35I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?"
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4:35 - 4:38And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
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4:38 - 4:41I ended up spending the better part of the next year
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4:41 - 4:43not only training my memory,
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4:43 - 4:45but also investigating it,
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4:45 - 4:47trying to understand how it works,
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4:47 - 4:50why it sometimes doesn't work
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4:50 - 4:52and what its potential might be.
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4:52 - 4:54I met a host of really interesting people.
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4:54 - 4:56This is a guy called E.P.
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4:56 - 4:59He's an amnesic who had, very possibly,
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4:59 - 5:01the very worst memory in the world.
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5:01 - 5:03His memory was so bad
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5:03 - 5:06that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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5:06 - 5:08which is amazing.
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5:08 - 5:09And he was this incredibly tragic figure,
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5:09 - 5:11but he was a window into the extent
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5:11 - 5:15to which our memories make us who we are.
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5:15 - 5:18The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.
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5:18 - 5:20This is Kim Peek.
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5:20 - 5:23He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rain Man."
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5:23 - 5:26We spent an afternoon together
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5:26 - 5:30in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books,
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5:30 - 5:33which was scintillating.
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5:33 - 5:36(Laughter)
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5:36 - 5:39And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises,
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5:39 - 5:43treatises written 2,000-plus years ago
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5:43 - 5:45in Latin in Antiquity
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5:45 - 5:47and then later in the Middle Ages.
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5:47 - 5:50And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.
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5:50 - 5:53One of the really interesting things that I learned
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5:53 - 5:56is that once upon a time,
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5:56 - 6:01this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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6:01 - 6:06was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.
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6:06 - 6:11Once upon a time, people invested in their memories,
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6:11 - 6:16in laboriously furnishing their minds.
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6:16 - 6:18Over the last few millenia
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6:18 - 6:21we've invented a series of technologies --
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6:21 - 6:23from the alphabet to the scroll
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6:23 - 6:26to the codex, the printing press, photography,
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6:26 - 6:28the computer, the smartphone --
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6:28 - 6:31that have made it progressively easier and easier
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6:31 - 6:33for us to externalize our memories,
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6:33 - 6:35for us to essentially outsource
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6:35 - 6:39this fundamental human capacity.
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6:39 - 6:43These technologies have made our modern world possible,
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6:43 - 6:44but they've also changed us.
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6:44 - 6:46They've changed us culturally,
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6:46 - 6:50and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.
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6:50 - 6:52Having little need to remember anymore,
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6:52 - 6:55it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.
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6:55 - 6:57One of the last places on Earth
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6:57 - 7:00where you still find people passionate about this idea
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7:00 - 7:04of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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7:04 - 7:06is at this totally singular memory contest.
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7:06 - 7:08It's actually not that singular,
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7:08 - 7:10there are contests held all over the world.
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7:10 - 7:14And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.
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7:14 - 7:19A few years back a group of researchers at University College London
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7:19 - 7:22brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.
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7:22 - 7:23They wanted to know:
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7:23 - 7:24Do these guys have brains
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7:24 - 7:29that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours?
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7:29 - 7:32The answer was no.
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7:32 - 7:35Are they smarter than the rest of us?
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7:35 - 7:37They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests,
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7:37 - 7:39and the answer was not really.
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7:39 - 7:42There was however one really interesting and telling difference
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7:42 - 7:44between the brains of the memory champions
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7:44 - 7:47and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.
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7:47 - 7:50When they put these guys in an fMRI machine,
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7:50 - 7:52scanned their brains
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7:52 - 7:57while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes,
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7:57 - 7:59they found that the memory champions
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7:59 - 8:01were lighting up different parts of the brain
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8:01 - 8:03than everyone else.
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8:03 - 8:07Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using,
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8:07 - 8:11a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
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8:11 - 8:17Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?
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8:17 - 8:21The sport of competitive memorizing
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8:21 - 8:24is driven by a kind of arms race
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8:24 - 8:27where every year somebody comes up
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8:27 - 8:30with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly,
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8:30 - 8:32and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.
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8:32 - 8:34This is my friend Ben Pridmore,
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8:34 - 8:35three-time world memory champion.
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8:35 - 8:37On his desk in front of him
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8:37 - 8:41are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards
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8:41 - 8:44that he is about to try to memorize in one hour,
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8:44 - 8:48using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.
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8:48 - 8:50He used a similar technique
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8:50 - 8:52to memorize the precise order
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8:52 - 8:58of 4,140 random binary digits
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8:58 - 9:01in half an hour.
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9:01 - 9:03Yeah.
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9:03 - 9:06And while there are a whole host of ways
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9:06 - 9:10of remembering stuff in these competitions,
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9:10 - 9:13everything, all of the techniques that are being used,
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9:13 - 9:16ultimately come down to a concept
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9:16 - 9:19that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.
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9:19 - 9:22And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox
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9:22 - 9:24known as the Baker/baker paradox,
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9:24 - 9:25which goes like this:
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9:25 - 9:28If I tell two people to remember the same word,
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9:28 - 9:30if I say to you,
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9:30 - 9:34"Remember that there is a guy named Baker."
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9:34 - 9:35That's his name.
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9:35 - 9:41And I say to you, "Remember that there is a guy who is a baker."
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9:41 - 9:44And I come back to you at some point later on,
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9:44 - 9:47and I say, "Do you remember that word
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9:47 - 9:48that I told you a while back?
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9:48 - 9:50Do you remember what it was?"
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9:50 - 9:54The person who was told his name is Baker
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9:54 - 9:56is less likely to remember the same word
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9:56 - 10:00than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.
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10:00 - 10:03Same word, different amount of remembering; that's weird.
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10:03 - 10:05What's going on here?
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10:05 - 10:10Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.
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10:10 - 10:12It is entirely untethered
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10:12 - 10:15from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.
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10:15 - 10:17But the common noun baker,
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10:17 - 10:19we know bakers.
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10:19 - 10:21Bakers wear funny white hats.
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10:21 - 10:23Bakers have flour on their hands.
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10:23 - 10:25Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
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10:25 - 10:27Maybe we even know a baker.
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10:27 - 10:28And when we first hear that word,
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10:28 - 10:31we start putting these associational hooks into it
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10:31 - 10:35that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.
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10:35 - 10:38The entire art of what is going on
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10:38 - 10:40in these memory contests
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10:40 - 10:44and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life
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10:44 - 10:48is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers
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10:48 - 10:50into lower-case B bakers --
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10:50 - 10:53to take information that is lacking in context,
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10:53 - 10:55in significance, in meaning
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10:55 - 10:57and transform it in some way
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10:57 - 10:59so that it becomes meaningful
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10:59 - 11:04in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.
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11:04 - 11:07One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this
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11:07 - 11:11dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.
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11:11 - 11:13It came to be known as the memory palace.
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11:13 - 11:17The story behind its creation goes like this:
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11:17 - 11:20There was a poet called Simonides
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11:20 - 11:22who was attending a banquet.
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11:22 - 11:24He was actually the hired entertainment,
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11:24 - 11:27because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party,
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11:27 - 11:30you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.
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11:30 - 11:35And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door,
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11:35 - 11:40and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses,
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11:40 - 11:43kills everybody inside.
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11:43 - 11:45It doesn't just kill everybody,
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11:45 - 11:49it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.
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11:49 - 11:52Nobody can say who was inside,
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11:52 - 11:55nobody can say where they were sitting.
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11:55 - 11:57The bodies can't be properly buried.
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11:57 - 12:01It's one tragedy compounding another.
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12:01 - 12:04Simonides, standing outside,
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12:04 - 12:06the sole survivor amid the wreckage,
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12:06 - 12:09closes his eyes and has this realization,
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12:09 - 12:12which is that in his mind's eye,
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12:12 - 12:17he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.
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12:17 - 12:19And he takes the relatives by the hand
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12:19 - 12:23and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.
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12:23 - 12:27What Simonides figured out at that moment
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12:27 - 12:30is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know,
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12:30 - 12:32which is that, as bad as we are
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12:32 - 12:35at remembering names and phone numbers
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12:35 - 12:38and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues,
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12:38 - 12:44we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.
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12:44 - 12:47If I asked you to recount the first 10 words
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12:47 - 12:50of the story that I just told you about Simonides,
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12:50 - 12:52chances are you would have a tough time with it.
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12:52 - 12:54But I would wager
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12:54 - 12:57that if I asked you to recall
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12:57 - 13:02who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
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13:02 - 13:04in your foyer right now,
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13:04 - 13:06you would be able to see that.
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13:06 - 13:08The idea behind the memory palace
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13:08 - 13:13is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye
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13:13 - 13:15and populate it with images
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13:15 - 13:17of the things that you want to remember --
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13:17 - 13:20the crazier, weirder, more bizarre,
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13:20 - 13:24funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is,
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13:24 - 13:27the more unforgettable it's likely to be.
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13:27 - 13:30This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years
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13:30 - 13:33to the earliest Latin memory treatises.
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13:33 - 13:34So how does this work?
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13:34 - 13:37Let's say that you've been invited
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13:37 - 13:41to TED center stage to give a speech
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13:41 - 13:43and you want to do it from memory,
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13:43 - 13:48and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it
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13:48 - 13:53if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
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13:53 - 13:55What you might do
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13:55 - 14:00is picture yourself at the front door of your house.
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14:00 - 14:02And you'd come up with some sort
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14:02 - 14:06of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image
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14:06 - 14:09to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about
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14:09 - 14:12is this totally bizarre contest.
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14:12 - 14:15And then you'd go inside your house,
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14:15 - 14:17and you would see an image of Cookie Monster
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14:17 - 14:19on top of Mister Ed.
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14:19 - 14:21And that would remind you
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14:21 - 14:24that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.
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14:24 - 14:26And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears
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14:26 - 14:29to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
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14:29 - 14:31And you go into your kitchen,
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14:31 - 14:33and the fourth topic you were going to talk about
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14:33 - 14:36was this strange journey that you went on for a year,
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14:36 - 14:41and you have some friends to help you remember that.
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14:41 - 14:45This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches --
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14:45 - 14:48not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up,
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14:48 - 14:51but topic-for-topic.
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14:51 - 14:54In fact, the phrase "topic sentence,"
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14:54 - 14:57that comes from the Greek word "topos,"
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14:57 - 14:59which means "place."
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14:59 - 15:00That's a vestige
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15:00 - 15:02of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric
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15:02 - 15:05in these sorts of spatial terms.
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15:05 - 15:07The phrase "in the first place,"
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15:07 - 15:10that's like in the first place of your memory palace.
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15:10 - 15:12I thought this was just fascinating,
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15:12 - 15:14and I got really into it.
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15:14 - 15:17And I went to a few more of these memory contests.
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15:17 - 15:19And I had this notion that I might write something longer
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15:19 - 15:23about this subculture of competitive memorizers.
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15:23 - 15:25But there was a problem.
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15:25 - 15:27The problem was that a memory contest
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15:27 - 15:31is a pathologically boring event.
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15:31 - 15:34(Laughter)
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15:34 - 15:38Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.
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15:38 - 15:40I mean, the most dramatic it gets
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15:40 - 15:41is when somebody starts massaging their temples.
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15:41 - 15:44And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.
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15:44 - 15:48I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds,
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15:48 - 15:50but I don't have access to it.
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15:50 - 15:53And I realized, if I was going to tell this story,
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15:53 - 15:56I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.
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15:56 - 15:59And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes
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15:59 - 16:02every morning before I sat down with my New York Times
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16:02 - 16:05just trying to remember something.
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16:05 - 16:06Maybe it was a poem.
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16:06 - 16:08Maybe it was names from an old yearbook
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16:08 - 16:11that I bought at a flea market.
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16:11 - 16:16And I found that this was shockingly fun.
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16:16 - 16:18I never would have expected that.
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16:18 - 16:22It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.
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16:22 - 16:25What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better
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16:25 - 16:27at creating, at dreaming up,
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16:27 - 16:30these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious
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16:30 - 16:34and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.
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16:34 - 16:36And I got pretty into it.
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16:36 - 16:42This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.
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16:42 - 16:44It's a pair of earmuffs
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16:44 - 16:48and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over
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16:48 - 16:50except for two small pinholes,
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16:50 - 16:56because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.
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16:56 - 17:01I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.
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17:01 - 17:03And I had this notion that I might enter it,
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17:03 - 17:07sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.
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17:07 - 17:11It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.
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17:11 - 17:15Problem was the experiment went haywire.
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17:15 - 17:18I won the contest,
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17:18 - 17:21which really wasn't supposed to happen.
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17:21 - 17:27(Applause)
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17:27 - 17:28Now it is nice
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17:28 - 17:31to be able to memorize speeches
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17:31 - 17:34and phone numbers and shopping lists,
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17:34 - 17:37but it's actually kind of beside the point.
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17:37 - 17:39These are just tricks.
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17:39 - 17:41They are tricks that work
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17:41 - 17:45because they're based on some pretty basic principles
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17:45 - 17:46about how our brains work.
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17:46 - 17:50And you don't have to be building memory palaces
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17:50 - 17:52or memorizing packs of playing cards
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17:52 - 17:54to benefit from a little bit of insight
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17:54 - 17:57about how your mind works.
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17:57 - 17:59We often talk about people with great memories
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17:59 - 18:01as though it were some sort of an innate gift,
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18:01 - 18:03but that is not the case.
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18:03 - 18:07Great memories are learned.
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18:07 - 18:10At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
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18:10 - 18:13We remember when we are deeply engaged.
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18:13 - 18:15We remember when we are able
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18:15 - 18:18to take a piece of information and experience
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18:18 - 18:20and figure out why it is meaningful to us,
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18:20 - 18:22why it is significant, why it's colorful,
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18:22 - 18:25when we're able to transform it in some way
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18:25 - 18:27that it makes sense
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18:27 - 18:29in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds,
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18:29 - 18:34when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.
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18:34 - 18:37The memory palace, these memory techniques,
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18:37 - 18:38they're just shortcuts.
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18:38 - 18:41In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.
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18:41 - 18:44They work because they make you work.
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18:44 - 18:48They force a kind of depth of processing,
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18:48 - 18:50a kind of mindfulness,
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18:50 - 18:54that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.
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18:54 - 18:57But there actually are no shortcuts.
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18:57 - 18:59This is how stuff is made memorable.
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18:59 - 19:04And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with,
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19:04 - 19:06it's what E.P.,
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19:06 - 19:10the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem,
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19:10 - 19:12left me with,
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19:12 - 19:14which is the notion
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19:14 - 19:19that our lives are the sum of our memories.
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19:19 - 19:25How much are we willing to lose
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19:25 - 19:28from our already short lives
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19:28 - 19:35by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones,
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19:35 - 19:39by not paying attention to the human being across from us
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19:39 - 19:41who is talking with us,
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19:41 - 19:43by being so lazy that we're not willing
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19:43 - 19:46to process deeply?
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19:46 - 19:49I learned firsthand
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19:49 - 19:52that there are incredible memory capacities
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19:52 - 19:54latent in all of us.
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19:54 - 19:58But if you want to live a memorable life,
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19:58 - 20:00you have to be the kind of person
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20:00 - 20:03who remembers to remember.
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20:03 - 20:05Thank you.
-
20:05 - 20:08(Applause)
- Title:
- Feats of memory anyone can do
- Speaker:
- Joshua Foer
- Description:
-
There are people who can quickly memorize lists of thousands of numbers, the order of all the cards in a deck (or ten!), and much more. Science writer Joshua Foer describes the technique -- called the memory palace -- and shows off its most remarkable feature: anyone can learn how to use it, including him.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 20:28
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Jenny Zurawell edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Lin Lyn edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Lin Lyn edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Anteja Jež edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Anteja Jež edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 5/29/2015.