Feats of memory anyone can do
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0:00 - 0:03I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.
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0:03 - 0:08Imagine yourself standing
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0:08 - 0:11outside the front door of your home.
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0:11 - 0:15I'd like you to notice the color of the door,
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0:15 - 0:18the material that it's made out of.
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0:18 - 0:25Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.
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0:25 - 0:29They are competing in a naked bicycle race,
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0:29 - 0:32and they are headed straight for your front door.
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0:32 - 0:34I need you to actually see this.
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0:34 - 0:38They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty,
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0:38 - 0:39they're bouncing around a lot.
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0:39 - 0:44And they crash straight into the front door of your home.
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0:44 - 0:47Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you,
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0:47 - 0:52spokes end up in awkward places.
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0:52 - 0:55Step over the threshold of your door
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0:55 - 0:57into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side,
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0:57 - 1:01and appreciate the quality of the light.
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1:01 - 1:07The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.
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1:07 - 1:11Cookie Monster is waving at you
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1:11 - 1:13from his perch on top of a tan horse.
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1:13 - 1:13It's a talking horse.
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1:13 - 1:19You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.
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1:19 - 1:23You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.
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1:23 - 1:27Walk past him. Walk past him into your living room.
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1:27 - 1:31In your living room, in full imaginative broadband,
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1:31 - 1:33picture Britney Spears.
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1:33 - 1:39She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table,
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1:39 - 1:41and she's singing "Hit Me Baby One More Time."
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1:41 - 1:44And then follow me into your kitchen.
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1:44 - 1:48In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road
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1:48 - 1:52and out of your oven are coming towards you
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1:52 - 1:55Dorothy, the Tin Man,
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1:55 - 1:57the Scarecrow and the Lion from "The Wizard of Oz,"
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1:57 - 2:00hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.
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2:00 - 2:03Okay. Open your eyes.
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2:03 - 2:08I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest
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2:08 - 2:11that is held every spring in New York City.
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2:11 - 2:14It's called the United States Memory Championship.
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2:14 - 2:16And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back
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2:16 - 2:20as a science journalist
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2:20 - 2:22expecting, I guess, that this was going to be
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2:22 - 2:23like the Superbowl of savants.
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2:23 - 2:27This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies,
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2:27 - 2:32widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.
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2:32 - 2:33(Laughter)
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2:33 - 2:39They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers,
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2:39 - 2:40looking at them just once.
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2:40 - 2:44They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.
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2:44 - 2:48They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.
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2:48 - 2:51They were competing to see who could memorize
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2:51 - 2:55the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.
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2:55 - 2:56I was like, this is unbelievable.
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2:56 - 3:00These people must be freaks of nature.
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3:00 - 3:03And I started talking to a few of the competitors.
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3:03 - 3:05This is a guy called Ed Cook
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3:05 - 3:06who had come over from England
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3:06 - 3:07where he had one of the best trained memories.
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3:07 - 3:11And I said to him, "Ed, when did you realize
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3:11 - 3:14that you were a savant?"
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3:14 - 3:16And Ed was like, "I'm not a savant.
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3:16 - 3:18In fact, I have just an average memory.
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3:18 - 3:21Everybody who competes in this contest
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3:21 - 3:24will tell you that they have just an average memory.
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3:24 - 3:27We've all trained ourselves
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3:27 - 3:30to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory
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3:30 - 3:32using a set of ancient techniques,
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3:32 - 3:35techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece,
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3:35 - 3:40the same techniques that Cicero had used
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3:40 - 3:41to memorize his speeches,
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3:41 - 3:45that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books."
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3:45 - 3:48And I was like, "Whoa. How come I never heard of this before?"
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3:48 - 3:50And we were standing outside the competition hall,
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3:50 - 3:55and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant,
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3:55 - 3:58but somewhat eccentric English guy,
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3:58 - 4:03says to me, "Josh, you're an American journalist.
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4:03 - 4:04Do you know Britney Spears?"
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4:04 - 4:09I'm like, "What? No. Why?"
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4:09 - 4:13"Because I really want to teach Britney Spears
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4:13 - 4:14how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards
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4:14 - 4:18on U.S. national television.
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4:18 - 4:21It will prove to the world that anybody can do this."
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4:21 - 4:22(Laughter)
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4:22 - 4:29I was like, "Well I'm not Britney Spears,
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4:29 - 4:31but maybe you could teach me.
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4:31 - 4:35I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?"
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4:35 - 4:38And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.
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4:38 - 4:40I ended up spending the better part of the next year
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4:40 - 4:43not only training my memory,
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4:43 - 4:45but also investigating it,
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4:45 - 4:46trying to understand how it works,
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4:46 - 4:49why it sometimes doesn't work
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4:49 - 4:50and what its potential might be.
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4:50 - 4:54I met a host of really interesting people.
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4:54 - 4:55This is a guy called E.P.
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4:55 - 4:59He's an amnesic who had, very possibly,
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4:59 - 5:01the very worst memory in the world.
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5:01 - 5:02His memory was so bad
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5:02 - 5:04that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem,
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5:04 - 5:07which is amazing.
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5:07 - 5:08And he was this incredibly tragic figure,
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5:08 - 5:11but he was a window into the extent
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5:11 - 5:14to which our memories make us who we are.
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5:14 - 5:17The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.
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5:17 - 5:20This is Kim Peek.
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5:20 - 5:22He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie "Rain Man."
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5:22 - 5:25We spent an afternoon together
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5:25 - 5:29in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books,
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5:29 - 5:32which was scintillating.
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5:32 - 5:35(Laughter)
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5:35 - 5:39And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises,
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5:39 - 5:43treatises written 2,000-plus years ago
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5:43 - 5:46in Latin in Antiquity
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5:46 - 5:47and then later in the Middle Ages.
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5:47 - 5:49And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.
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5:49 - 5:51One of the really interesting things that I learned
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5:51 - 5:54is that once upon a time,
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5:54 - 6:00this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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6:00 - 6:04was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.
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6:04 - 6:10Once upon a time, people invested in their memories,
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6:10 - 6:15in laboriously furnishing their minds.
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6:15 - 6:18Over the last few millenia
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6:18 - 6:21we've invented a series of technologies --
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6:21 - 6:23from the alphabet to the scroll
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6:23 - 6:25to the codex, the printing press, photography,
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6:25 - 6:28the computer, the smartphone --
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6:28 - 6:30that have made it progressively easier and easier
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6:30 - 6:33for us to externalize our memories,
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6:33 - 6:35for us to essentially outsource
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6:35 - 6:38this fundamental human capacity.
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6:38 - 6:42These technologies have made our modern world possible,
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6:42 - 6:43but they've also changed us.
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6:43 - 6:46They've changed us culturally,
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6:46 - 6:48and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.
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6:48 - 6:52Having little need to remember anymore,
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6:52 - 6:54it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.
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6:54 - 6:57One of the last places on Earth
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6:57 - 6:58where you still find people passionate about this idea
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6:58 - 7:03of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory
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7:03 - 7:06is at this totally singular memory contest.
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7:06 - 7:07It's actually not that singular,
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7:07 - 7:08there are contests held all over the world.
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7:08 - 7:13And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.
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7:13 - 7:17A few years back a group of researchers at University College London
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7:17 - 7:22brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.
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7:22 - 7:22They wanted to know:
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7:22 - 7:23Do these guys have brains
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7:23 - 7:28that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours?
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7:28 - 7:32The answer was no.
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7:32 - 7:33Are they smarter than the rest of us?
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7:33 - 7:37They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests,
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7:37 - 7:38and the answer was not really.
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7:38 - 7:42There was however one really interesting and telling difference
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7:42 - 7:46between the brains of the memory champions
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7:46 - 7:46and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.
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7:46 - 7:50When they put these guys in an fMRI machine,
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7:50 - 7:51scanned their brains
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7:51 - 7:56while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes,
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7:56 - 8:00they found that the memory champions
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8:00 - 8:01were lighting up different parts of the brain
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8:01 - 8:03than everyone else.
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8:03 - 8:06Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using,
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8:06 - 8:10a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.
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8:10 - 8:15Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?
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8:15 - 8:19The sport of competitive memorizing
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8:19 - 8:23is driven by a kind of arms race
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8:23 - 8:27where every year somebody comes up
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8:27 - 8:29with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly,
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8:29 - 8:30and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.
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8:30 - 8:34This is my friend Ben Pridmore,
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8:34 - 8:35three-time world memory champion.
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8:35 - 8:37On his desk in front of him
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8:37 - 8:40are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards
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8:40 - 8:43that he is about to try to memorize in one hour,
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8:43 - 8:47using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.
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8:47 - 8:50He used a similar technique
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8:50 - 8:52to memorize the precise order
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8:52 - 8:58of 4,140 random binary digits
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8:58 - 9:00in half an hour.
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9:00 - 9:03Yeah.
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9:03 - 9:06And while there are a whole host of ways
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9:06 - 9:07of remembering stuff in these competitions,
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9:07 - 9:12everything, all of the techniques that are being used,
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9:12 - 9:16ultimately come down to a concept
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9:16 - 9:19that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.
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9:19 - 9:21And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox
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9:21 - 9:24known as the Baker/baker paradox,
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9:24 - 9:25which goes like this:
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9:25 - 9:28If I tell two people to remember the same word,
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9:28 - 9:29if I say to you,
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9:29 - 9:34"Remember that there is a guy named Baker."
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9:34 - 9:35That's his name.
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9:35 - 9:38And I say to you, "Remember that there is a guy who is a baker."
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9:38 - 9:43And I come back to you at some point later on,
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9:43 - 9:46and I say, "Do you remember that word
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9:46 - 9:49that I told you a while back?
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9:49 - 9:50Do you remember what it was?"
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9:50 - 9:54the person who was told his name is Baker
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9:54 - 9:55is less likely to remember the same word
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9:55 - 9:59than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.
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9:59 - 10:02Same word, different amount of remembering; that's weird.
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10:02 - 10:03What's going on here?
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10:03 - 10:10Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.
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10:10 - 10:12It is entirely untethered
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10:12 - 10:15from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.
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10:15 - 10:17But the common noun baker,
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10:17 - 10:19we know bakers.
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10:19 - 10:21Bakers wear funny white hats.
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10:21 - 10:23Bakers have flour on their hands.
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10:23 - 10:24Bakers smell good when they come home from work.
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10:24 - 10:26Maybe we even know a baker.
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10:26 - 10:28And when we first hear that word,
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10:28 - 10:31we start putting these associational hooks into it
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10:31 - 10:34that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.
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10:34 - 10:37The entire art of what is going on
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10:37 - 10:41in these memory contests
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10:41 - 10:43and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life
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10:43 - 10:47is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers
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10:47 - 10:49into lower-case B bakers --
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10:49 - 10:53to take information that is lacking in context,
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10:53 - 10:54in significance, in meaning
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10:54 - 10:56and transform it in some way
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10:56 - 10:58so that it becomes meaningful
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10:58 - 11:03in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.
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11:03 - 11:06One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this
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11:06 - 11:11dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.
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11:11 - 11:12It came to be known as the memory palace.
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11:12 - 11:15This story behind its creation goes like this:
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11:15 - 11:20There was a poet called Simonides
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11:20 - 11:21who was attending a banquet.
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11:21 - 11:23He was actually the hired entertainment,
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11:23 - 11:27because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party,
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11:27 - 11:29you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.
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11:29 - 11:34And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door,
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11:34 - 11:40and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses,
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11:40 - 11:43kills everybody inside.
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11:43 - 11:45It doesn't just kill everybody,
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11:45 - 11:49it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.
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11:49 - 11:50Nobody can say who was inside,
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11:50 - 11:54nobody can say where they were sitting.
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11:54 - 11:55The bodies can't be properly buried.
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11:55 - 11:59It's one tragedy compounding another.
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11:59 - 12:02Simonides, standing outside,
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12:02 - 12:04the sole survivor amid the wreckage,
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12:04 - 12:08closes his eyes and has this realization,
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12:08 - 12:12which is that in his mind's eye,
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12:12 - 12:16he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.
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12:16 - 12:19And he takes the relatives by the hand
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12:19 - 12:21and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.
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12:21 - 12:25What Simonides figured out at that moment
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12:25 - 12:29is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know,
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12:29 - 12:31which is that, as bad as we are
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12:31 - 12:35at remembering names and phone numbers
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12:35 - 12:37and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues,
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12:37 - 12:44we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.
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12:44 - 12:47If I asked you to recount the first 10 words
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12:47 - 12:50of the story that I just told you about Simonides,
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12:50 - 12:51chances are you would have a tough time with it.
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12:51 - 12:54But I would wager
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12:54 - 12:56that if I asked you to recall
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12:56 - 13:01who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse
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13:01 - 13:03in your foyer right now,
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13:03 - 13:05you would be able to see that.
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13:05 - 13:08The idea behind the memory palace
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13:08 - 13:12is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye
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13:12 - 13:13and populate it with images
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13:13 - 13:17of the things that you want to remember --
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13:17 - 13:19the crazier, weirder, more bizarre,
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13:19 - 13:24funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is,
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13:24 - 13:25the more unforgettable it's likely to be.
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13:25 - 13:29This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years
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13:29 - 13:33to the earliest Latin memory treatises.
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13:33 - 13:33So how does this work?
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13:33 - 13:36Let's say that you've been invited
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13:36 - 13:40to TED center stage to give a speech
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13:40 - 13:42and you want to do it from memory,
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13:42 - 13:47and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it
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13:47 - 13:52if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.
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13:52 - 13:54What you might do
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13:54 - 14:00is picture yourself at the front door of your house.
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14:00 - 14:02And you'd come up with some sort
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14:02 - 14:05of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image
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14:05 - 14:08to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about
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14:08 - 14:11is this totally bizarre contest.
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14:11 - 14:14And then you'd go inside your house,
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14:14 - 14:16and you would see an image of Cookie Monster
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14:16 - 14:19on top of Mister Ed.
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14:19 - 14:20And that would remind you
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14:20 - 14:23that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.
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14:23 - 14:26And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears
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14:26 - 14:29to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.
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14:29 - 14:30And you go into your kitchen,
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14:30 - 14:32and the fourth topic you were going to talk about
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14:32 - 14:36was this strange journey that you went on for a year,
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14:36 - 14:39and you have some friends to help you remember that.
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14:39 - 14:44This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches --
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14:44 - 14:47not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up,
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14:47 - 14:49but topic-for-topic.
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14:49 - 14:52In fact, the phrase "topic sentence,"
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14:52 - 14:56that comes from the Greek word topos,
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14:56 - 14:58which means place.
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14:58 - 15:00That's a vestige
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15:00 - 15:02of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric
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15:02 - 15:05in these sorts of spatial terms.
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15:05 - 15:06The phrase "in the first place,"
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15:06 - 15:06that's like in the first place of your memory palace.
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15:06 - 15:11I thought this was just fascinating,
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15:11 - 15:12and I got really into it.
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15:12 - 15:16And I went to a few more of these memory contests.
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15:16 - 15:16And I had this notion that I might write something longer
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15:16 - 15:21about this subculture of competitive memorizers.
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15:21 - 15:23But there was a problem.
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15:23 - 15:26The problem was that a memory contest
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15:26 - 15:30is a pathologically boring event.
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15:30 - 15:33(Laughter)
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15:33 - 15:37Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.
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15:37 - 15:39I mean, the most dramatic it gets
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15:39 - 15:42is when somebody starts massaging their temples.
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15:42 - 15:43And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.
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15:43 - 15:47I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds,
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15:47 - 15:48but I don't have access to it.
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15:48 - 15:53And I realized, if I was going to tell this story,
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15:53 - 15:55I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.
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15:55 - 15:59And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes
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15:59 - 16:02every morning before I sat down with my New York Times
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16:02 - 16:04just trying to remember something.
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16:04 - 16:06Maybe it was a poem.
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16:06 - 16:08Maybe it was names from an old yearbook
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16:08 - 16:10that I bought at a flea market.
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16:10 - 16:16And I found that this was shockingly fun.
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16:16 - 16:18I never would have expected that.
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16:18 - 16:20It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.
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16:20 - 16:24What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better
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16:24 - 16:26at creating, at dreaming up,
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16:26 - 16:29these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious
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16:29 - 16:33and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.
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16:33 - 16:34And I got pretty into it.
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16:34 - 16:40This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.
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16:40 - 16:44It's a pair of earmuffs
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16:44 - 16:47and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over
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16:47 - 16:49except for two small pinholes,
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16:49 - 16:54because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.
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16:54 - 17:01I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.
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17:01 - 17:02And I had this notion that I might enter it,
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17:02 - 17:06sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.
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17:06 - 17:10It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.
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17:10 - 17:15Problem was the experiment went haywire.
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17:15 - 17:16I won the contest,
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17:16 - 17:19which really wasn't supposed to happen.
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17:19 - 17:26(Applause)
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17:26 - 17:28Now it is nice
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17:28 - 17:29to be able to memorize speeches
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17:29 - 17:34and phone numbers and shopping lists,
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17:34 - 17:36but it's actually kind of beside the point.
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17:36 - 17:37These are just tricks.
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17:37 - 17:41They are tricks that work
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17:41 - 17:42because they're based on some pretty basic principles
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17:42 - 17:46about how our brains work.
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17:46 - 17:47And you don't have to be building memory palaces
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17:47 - 17:52or memorizing packs of playing cards
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17:52 - 17:53to benefit from a little bit of insight
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17:53 - 17:56about how your mind works.
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17:56 - 17:57We often talk about people with great memories
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17:57 - 18:01as though it were some sort of an innate gift,
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18:01 - 18:02but that is not the case.
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18:02 - 18:05Great memories are learned.
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18:05 - 18:09At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.
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18:09 - 18:13We remember when we are deeply engaged.
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18:13 - 18:14We remember when we are able
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18:14 - 18:18to take a piece of information and experience
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18:18 - 18:20and figure out why it is meaningful to us,
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18:20 - 18:22why it is significant, why it's colorful,
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18:22 - 18:24when we're able to transform it in some way
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18:24 - 18:27that it makes sense
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18:27 - 18:29in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds,
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18:29 - 18:33when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.
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18:33 - 18:35The memory palace, these memory techniques,
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18:35 - 18:38they're just shortcuts.
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18:38 - 18:40In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.
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18:40 - 18:44They work because they make you work.
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18:44 - 18:48They force a kind of depth of processing,
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18:48 - 18:49a kind of mindfulness,
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18:49 - 18:53that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.
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18:53 - 18:56But there actually are no shortcuts.
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18:56 - 18:59This is how stuff is made memorable.
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18:59 - 19:03And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with,
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19:03 - 19:05it's what E.P.,
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19:05 - 19:10the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem,
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19:10 - 19:11left me with,
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19:11 - 19:13which is the notion
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19:13 - 19:19that our lives are the sum of our memories.
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19:19 - 19:25How much are we willing to lose
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19:25 - 19:26from our already short lives
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19:26 - 19:32by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones,
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19:32 - 19:38by not paying attention to the human being across from us
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19:38 - 19:41who is talking with us,
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19:41 - 19:42by being so lazy that we're not willing
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19:42 - 19:46to process deeply?
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19:46 - 19:48I learned firsthand
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19:48 - 19:50that there are incredible memory capacities
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19:50 - 19:53latent in all of us.
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19:53 - 19:55But if you want to live a memorable life,
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19:55 - 19:59you have to be the kind of person
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19:59 - 20:01who remembers to remember.
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20:01 - 20:04Thank you.
-
20:04 - 20:06(Applause)
- Title:
- Feats of memory anyone can do
- Speaker:
- Joshua Foer
- Description:
-
There are people who can quickly memorize lists of thousands of numbers, the order of all the cards in a deck (or ten!), and much more. Science writer Joshua Foer describes the technique -- called the memory palace -- and shows off its most remarkable feature: anyone can learn how to use it, including him.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 20:28
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Jenny Zurawell edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Lin Lyn edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Lin Lyn edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Anteja Jež edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do | ||
Anteja Jež edited English subtitles for Feats of memory anyone can do |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 5/29/2015.