The cheap all-terrain wheelchair
-
0:01 - 0:04Living with a physical
disability isn't easy -
0:04 - 0:06anywhere in the world,
-
0:06 - 0:09but if you live in a country
like the United States, -
0:09 - 0:12there's certain appurtenances available
to you that do make life easier. -
0:12 - 0:15So if you're in a building,
you can take an elevator. -
0:15 - 0:17If you're crossing the street,
you have sidewalk cutouts. -
0:17 - 0:19And if you have to travel
some distance farther -
0:19 - 0:22than you can do under your own power,
there's accessible vehicles, -
0:22 - 0:24and if you can't afford one of those,
-
0:24 - 0:27there's accessible public transportation.
-
0:27 - 0:29But in the developing world,
things are quite different. -
0:29 - 0:33There's 40 million people who need
a wheelchair but don't have one, -
0:33 - 0:36and the majority of these
people live in rural areas, -
0:36 - 0:40where the only connections to community,
to employment, to education, -
0:40 - 0:42are by traveling long
distances on rough terrain -
0:42 - 0:45often under their own power.
-
0:45 - 0:47And the devices usually
available to these people -
0:47 - 0:50are not made for that context,
break down quickly, -
0:50 - 0:52and are hard to repair.
-
0:52 - 0:57I started looking at wheelchairs
in developing countries in 2005, -
0:57 - 1:01when I spent the summer assessing
the state of technology in Tanzania, -
1:01 - 1:04and I talked to wheelchair users, wheelchair
manufacturers, disability groups, -
1:05 - 1:06and what stood out to me
-
1:06 - 1:09is that there wasn't a device available
-
1:09 - 1:11that was designed for rural
areas, that could go fast -
1:11 - 1:14and efficiently on many types of terrain.
-
1:14 - 1:16So being a mechanical engineer,
-
1:16 - 1:19being at MIT and having lots
of resources available to me, -
1:19 - 1:21I thought I'd try to do
something about it. -
1:21 - 1:24Now when you're talking
about trying to travel -
1:24 - 1:26long distances on rough terrain,
-
1:26 - 1:28I immediately thought of a mountain bike,
-
1:28 - 1:29and a mountain bike's good at doing this
-
1:29 - 1:31because it has a gear train,
-
1:31 - 1:34and you can shift to a low gear
if you have to climb a hill -
1:34 - 1:35or go through mud or sand
-
1:35 - 1:38and you get a lot of torque
but a low speed. -
1:38 - 1:40And if you want to go
faster, say on pavement, -
1:40 - 1:41you can shift to a high gear,
-
1:41 - 1:43and you get less torque,
but higher speeds. -
1:43 - 1:45So the logical evolution here
-
1:45 - 1:48is to just make a wheelchair
with mountain bike components, -
1:48 - 1:49which many people have done.
-
1:49 - 1:52But these are two products
available in the U.S. that -
1:52 - 1:55would be difficult to transfer
into developing countries -
1:55 - 1:57because they're much, much too expensive.
-
1:57 - 2:00And the context I'm talking about is where
-
2:00 - 2:04you need to have a product
that is less than 200 dollars. -
2:04 - 2:06And this ideal product
would also be able to go -
2:06 - 2:10about five kilometers a day so you
could get to your job, get to school, -
2:10 - 2:12and do it on many,
many different types of terrain. -
2:12 - 2:15But when you get home or want
to go indoors at your work, -
2:15 - 2:19it's got to be small enough and maneuverable
enough to use inside. -
2:19 - 2:23And furthermore, if you want it to last
a long time out in rural areas, -
2:23 - 2:27it has to be repairable using the local
tools, materials and knowledge -
2:27 - 2:29in those contexts.
-
2:30 - 2:32So the real crux of the problem here is,
-
2:32 - 2:36how do you make a system
that's a simple device -
2:36 - 2:38but gives you a large
mechanical advantage? -
2:38 - 2:40How do you make a mountain
bike for your arms -
2:40 - 2:43that doesn't have the mountain
bike cost and complexity? -
2:43 - 2:45So as is the case with simple solutions,
-
2:45 - 2:49oftentimes the answer is right in front
of your face, and for us it was levers. -
2:49 - 2:53We use levers all the time,
in tools, doorknobs, bicycle parts. -
2:53 - 2:56And that moment of inspiration,
that key invention moment, -
2:56 - 2:59was when I was sitting
in front of my design notebook -
2:59 - 3:02and I started thinking
about somebody grabbing a lever, -
3:02 - 3:04and if they grab
near the end of the lever, -
3:04 - 3:05they can get an effectively long lever
-
3:05 - 3:08and produce a lot of torque
as they push back and forth, -
3:08 - 3:11and effectively get a low gear.
-
3:11 - 3:13And as they slide
their hand down the lever, -
3:13 - 3:16they can push with a smaller
effective lever length, -
3:16 - 3:18but push through a bigger
angle every stroke, -
3:18 - 3:22which makes a faster rotational speed,
and gives you an effective high gear. -
3:22 - 3:23So what's exciting about this system
-
3:23 - 3:26is that it's really, really
mechanically simple, -
3:26 - 3:28and you could make it using technology
-
3:28 - 3:30that's been around for hundreds of years.
-
3:30 - 3:32So seeing this in practice,
-
3:32 - 3:34this is the Leveraged Freedom Chair that,
-
3:34 - 3:36after a few years of development,
-
3:36 - 3:38we're now going into production with,
-
3:38 - 3:40and this is a full-time wheelchair user --
-
3:40 - 3:41he's paralyzed -- in Guatemala,
-
3:41 - 3:45and you see he's able to traverse
pretty rough terrain. -
3:45 - 3:50Again, the key innovation of this technology
is that when he wants to go fast, -
3:50 - 3:54he just grabs the levers near the pivots
and goes through a big angle every stroke, -
3:54 - 3:57and as the going gets tougher, he just
slides his hands up the levers, -
3:57 - 3:59creates more torque, and kind
of bench-presses his way -
3:59 - 4:01out of trouble through the rough terrain.
-
4:01 - 4:04Now the big, important point here is that
-
4:04 - 4:07the person is the complex
machine in this system. -
4:07 - 4:10It's the person that's sliding
his hands up and down the levers, -
4:10 - 4:13so the mechanism itself can be very simple
-
4:13 - 4:16and composed of bicycle parts you
can get anywhere in the world. -
4:16 - 4:18Because those bicycle parts
-
4:18 - 4:20are so ubiquitously available,
they're super-cheap. -
4:20 - 4:23They're made by the gazillions
in China and India, -
4:23 - 4:24and we can source them
anywhere in the world, -
4:24 - 4:27build the chair anywhere,
and most importantly repair it, -
4:27 - 4:30even out in a village
with a local bicycle mechanic -
4:30 - 4:34who has local tools, knowledge
and parts available. -
4:34 - 4:37Now, when you want to use the LFC indoors,
-
4:37 - 4:40all you have to do is pull
the levers out of the drivetrain, -
4:40 - 4:43stow them in the frame, and it
converts into a normal wheelchair -
4:43 - 4:46that you can use just
like any other normal wheelchair, -
4:46 - 4:48and we sized it like a normal wheelchair,
-
4:48 - 4:52so it's narrow enough to fit
through a standard doorway, -
4:52 - 4:56it's low enough to fit under a table,
-
4:56 - 5:00and it's small and maneuverable
enough to fit in a bathroom -
5:00 - 5:03and this is important so the user
can get up close to a toilet, -
5:03 - 5:04and be able to transfer off
-
5:04 - 5:10just like he could in a normal wheelchair.
-
5:10 - 5:13Now, there's three important
points that I want to stress -
5:13 - 5:17that I think really hit
home in this project. -
5:17 - 5:20The first is that this
product works well because -
5:20 - 5:22we were effectively able to combine
-
5:22 - 5:27rigorous engineering science
and analysis with user-centered design -
5:27 - 5:30focused on the social and usage
and economic factors -
5:30 - 5:32important to wheelchair users
in the developing countries. -
5:32 - 5:35So I'm an academic at MIT,
and I'm a mechanical engineer, -
5:35 - 5:39so I can do things like look at the type
of terrain you want to travel on, -
5:39 - 5:41and figure out how much
resistance it should impose, -
5:41 - 5:44look at the parts we have
available and mix and match them -
5:44 - 5:47to figure out what sort
of gear trains we can use, -
5:47 - 5:50and then look at the power and force
you can get out of your upper body -
5:50 - 5:52to analyze how fast you should
be able to go in this chair -
5:52 - 5:54as you put your arms
up and down the levers. -
5:54 - 5:58So as a wet-behind-the-ears
student, excited, -
5:58 - 6:00our team made a prototype,
-
6:00 - 6:05brought that prototype to Tanzania,
Kenya and Vietnam in 2008, -
6:05 - 6:07and found it was terrible
-
6:07 - 6:09because we didn't get
enough input from users. -
6:10 - 6:13So because we tested it
with wheelchair users, -
6:13 - 6:15with wheelchair manufacturers,
we got that feedback from them, -
6:15 - 6:19not just articulating their problems,
but articulating their solutions, -
6:19 - 6:22and worked together to go back
to the drawing board and make a new design, -
6:22 - 6:24which we brought back
to East Africa in '09 -
6:24 - 6:27that worked a lot better than a normal
wheelchair on rough terrain, -
6:27 - 6:30but it still didn't work well
indoors because it was too big, -
6:30 - 6:32it was heavy, it was hard to move around,
-
6:32 - 6:36so again with that user feedback,
we went back to the drawing board, -
6:36 - 6:38came up with a better
design, 20 pounds lighter, -
6:38 - 6:42as narrow as a regular wheelchair, tested
that in a field trial in Guatemala, -
6:42 - 6:44and that advanced the product to the point
-
6:44 - 6:47where we have now that it's going
into production. -
6:47 - 6:49Now also being engineering scientists,
-
6:49 - 6:53we were able to quantify the performance
benefits of the Leveraged Freedom Chair, -
6:53 - 6:56so here are some shots
of our trial in Guatemala -
6:56 - 6:59where we tested the LFC
on village terrain, -
6:59 - 7:01and tested people's biomechanical outputs,
-
7:01 - 7:03their oxygen consumption,
how fast they go, -
7:03 - 7:05how much power they're putting out,
-
7:05 - 7:08both in their regular
wheelchairs and using the LFC, -
7:08 - 7:10and we found that the LFC
is about 80 percent faster -
7:10 - 7:13going on these terrains
than a normal wheelchair. -
7:13 - 7:16It's also about 40 percent more
efficient than a regular wheelchair, -
7:16 - 7:19and because of the mechanical
advantage you get from the levers, -
7:19 - 7:21you can produce 50 percent higher torque
-
7:21 - 7:25and really muscle your way
through the really, really rough terrain. -
7:25 - 7:28Now the second lesson
that we learned in this is that -
7:28 - 7:31the constraints on this design
really push the innovation, -
7:31 - 7:33because we had to hit
such a low price point, -
7:33 - 7:36because we had to make
a device that could travel -
7:36 - 7:38on many, many types of terrain
but still be usable indoors, -
7:38 - 7:41and be simple enough to repair,
-
7:41 - 7:43we ended up with a fundamentally
new product, -
7:43 - 7:45a new product that is an innovation
-
7:45 - 7:48in a space that really hasn't
changed in a hundred years. -
7:48 - 7:52And these are all merits that are not
just good in the developing world. -
7:52 - 7:54Why not in countries like the U.S. too?
-
7:54 - 7:56So we teamed up with Continuum,
-
7:56 - 7:58a local product design firm here in Boston
-
7:58 - 8:01to make the high-end version,
the developed world version, -
8:01 - 8:04that we'll probably sell primarily
in the U.S. and Europe, -
8:04 - 8:06but to higher-income buyers.
-
8:06 - 8:09And the final point I want
to make is that I think -
8:09 - 8:12this project worked
well because we engaged -
8:12 - 8:17all the stakeholders that buy into this
project and are important to consider -
8:17 - 8:20in bringing the technology
from inception of an idea -
8:20 - 8:24through innovation, validation,
commercialization and dissemination, -
8:24 - 8:28and that cycle has to start
and end with end users. -
8:28 - 8:31These are the people that define
the requirements of the technology, -
8:31 - 8:33and these are the people that have
to give the thumbs-up at the end, -
8:33 - 8:36and say, "Yeah, it actually works.
It meets our needs." -
8:36 - 8:38So people like me in the academic space,
-
8:38 - 8:41we can do things like innovate
and analyze and test, -
8:41 - 8:44create data and make
bench-level prototypes, -
8:44 - 8:47but how do you get that bench-level
prototype to commercialization? -
8:47 - 8:51So we need gap-fillers like Continuum
that can work on commercializing, -
8:51 - 8:54and we started a whole NGO
to bring our chair to market -- -
8:54 - 8:56Global Research Innovation Technology --
-
8:56 - 8:59and then we also teamed up with a big
manufacturer in India, Pinnacle Industries, -
9:00 - 9:02that's tooled up now
to make 500 chairs a month -
9:02 - 9:04and will make the first
batch of 200 next month, -
9:04 - 9:06which will be delivered in India.
-
9:06 - 9:08And then finally, to get this
out to the people in scale, -
9:08 - 9:11we teamed up with the largest
disability organization -
9:11 - 9:13in the world, Jaipur Foot.
-
9:13 - 9:15Now what's powerful about this model
-
9:15 - 9:18is when you bring together
all these stakeholders -
9:18 - 9:20that represent each link in the chain
-
9:20 - 9:23from inception of an idea
-
9:23 - 9:25all the way to implementation
in the field, -
9:25 - 9:27that's where the magic happens.
-
9:27 - 9:30That's where you can take
a guy like me, an academic, -
9:30 - 9:33but analyze and test
and create a new technology -
9:33 - 9:36and quantitatively determine
how much better the performance is. -
9:36 - 9:39You can connect with stakeholders
like the manufacturers -
9:39 - 9:41and talk with them face-to-face
and leverage their -
9:41 - 9:44local knowledge of manufacturing
practices and their clients -
9:44 - 9:47and combine that knowledge
with our engineering knowledge -
9:47 - 9:50to create something greater
than either of us could have done alone. -
9:50 - 9:53And then you can also engage the end user
-
9:53 - 9:55in the design process, and not
just ask him what he needs, -
9:55 - 9:58but ask him how he thinks
it can be achieved. -
9:58 - 10:01And this picture was taken
in India in our last field trial, -
10:01 - 10:04where we had a 90-percent
adoption rate where people -
10:04 - 10:07switched to using our Leveraged Freedom
Chair over their normal wheelchair, -
10:07 - 10:10and this picture specifically is of Ashok,
-
10:10 - 10:13and Ashok had a spinal injury
when he fell out of a tree, -
10:13 - 10:16and he had been working at a tailor,
but once he was injured -
10:16 - 10:19he wasn't able to transport
himself from his house -
10:19 - 10:22over a kilometer to his shop
in his normal wheelchair. -
10:22 - 10:23The road was too rough.
-
10:23 - 10:26But the day after he got
an LFC, he hopped in it, -
10:26 - 10:28rode that kilometer, opened up his shop
-
10:28 - 10:31and soon after landed a contract
to make school uniforms -
10:31 - 10:34and started making money, started
providing for his family again. -
10:34 - 10:36Ashok: You also encouraged me to work.
-
10:36 - 10:39I rested for a day at home.
-
10:39 - 10:43The next day I went to my shop.
-
10:43 - 10:46Now everything is back to normal.
-
10:46 - 10:50Amos Winter: And thank you
very much for having me today. -
10:50 - 10:54(Applause)
- Title:
- The cheap all-terrain wheelchair
- Speaker:
- Amos Winter
- Description:
-
How do you build a wheelchair ready to blaze through mud and sand, all for under $200? MIT engineer Amos Winter guides us through the mechanics of an all-terrain wheelchair that’s cheap and easy to build -- for true accessibility -- and gives us some lessons he learned along the road.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:14
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Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
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