The cheap all-terrain wheelchair
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0:00 - 0:03Living with a physical disability isn't easy
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0:03 - 0:06anywhere in the world,
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0:06 - 0:08but if you live in a country like the United States,
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0:08 - 0:12there's certain appurtenances available to you that do make life easier.
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0:12 - 0:14So if you're in a building, you can take an elevator.
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0:14 - 0:16If you're crossing the street, you have sidewalk cutouts.
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0:16 - 0:19And if you have to travel some distance farther
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0:19 - 0:22than you can do under your own power, there's accessible vehicles,
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0:22 - 0:24and if you can't afford one of those,
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0:24 - 0:26there's accessible public transportation.
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0:26 - 0:29But in the developing world, things are quite different.
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0:29 - 0:32There's 40 million people who need a wheelchair but don't have one,
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0:32 - 0:35and the majority of these people live in rural areas,
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0:35 - 0:39where the only connections to community, to employment, to education,
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0:39 - 0:42are by traveling long distances on rough terrain
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0:42 - 0:45often under their own power.
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0:45 - 0:47And the devices usually available to these people
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0:47 - 0:49are not made for that context, break down quickly,
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0:49 - 0:52and are hard to repair.
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0:52 - 0:56I started looking at wheelchairs in developing countries in 2005,
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0:56 - 1:00when I spent the summer assessing the state of technology in Tanzania,
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1:00 - 1:04and I talked to wheelchair users, wheelchair manufacturers, disability groups,
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1:04 - 1:06and what stood out to me
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1:06 - 1:08is that there wasn't a device available
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1:08 - 1:11that was designed for rural areas, that could go fast
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1:11 - 1:13and efficiently on many types of terrain.
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1:13 - 1:15So being a mechanical engineer,
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1:15 - 1:18being at MIT and having lots of resources available to me,
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1:18 - 1:20I thought I'd try to do something about it.
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1:20 - 1:23Now when you're talking about trying to travel
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1:23 - 1:26long distances on rough terrain,
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1:26 - 1:27I immediately thought of a mountain bike,
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1:27 - 1:29and a mountain bike's good at doing this
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1:29 - 1:31because it has a gear train,
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1:31 - 1:33and you can shift to a low gear if you have to climb a hill
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1:33 - 1:35or go through mud or sand
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1:35 - 1:37and you get a lot of torque but a low speed.
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1:37 - 1:39And if you want to go faster, say on pavement,
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1:39 - 1:40you can shift to a high gear,
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1:40 - 1:42and you get less torque, but higher speeds.
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1:42 - 1:44So the logical evolution here
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1:44 - 1:47is to just make a wheelchair with mountain bike components,
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1:47 - 1:48which many people have done.
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1:48 - 1:52But these are two products available in the U.S. that
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1:52 - 1:54would be difficult to transfer into developing countries
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1:54 - 1:57because they're much, much too expensive.
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1:57 - 1:59And the context I'm talking about is where
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1:59 - 2:03you need to have a product that is less than 200 dollars.
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2:03 - 2:06And this ideal product would also be able to go
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2:06 - 2:10about five kilometers a day so you could get to your job, get to school,
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2:10 - 2:11and do it on many, many different types of terrain.
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2:11 - 2:14But when you get home or want to go indoors at your work,
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2:14 - 2:19it's got to be small enough and maneuverable enough to use inside.
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2:19 - 2:22And furthermore, if you want it to last a long time out in rural areas,
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2:22 - 2:26it has to be repairable using the local tools, materials and knowledge
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2:26 - 2:29in those contexts.
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2:29 - 2:32So the real crux of the problem here is,
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2:32 - 2:35how do you make a system that's a simple device
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2:35 - 2:37but gives you a large mechanical advantage?
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2:37 - 2:39How do you make a mountain bike for your arms
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2:39 - 2:42that doesn't have the mountain bike cost and complexity?
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2:42 - 2:45So as is the case with simple solutions,
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2:45 - 2:48oftentimes the answer is right in front of your face, and for us it was levers.
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2:48 - 2:53We use levers all the time, in tools, doorknobs, bicycle parts.
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2:53 - 2:56And that moment of inspiration, that key invention moment,
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2:56 - 2:58was when I was sitting in front of my design notebook
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2:58 - 3:01and I started thinking about somebody grabbing a lever,
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3:01 - 3:03and if they grab near the end of the lever,
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3:03 - 3:05they can get an effectively long lever
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3:05 - 3:08and produce a lot of torque as they push back and forth,
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3:08 - 3:10and effectively get a low gear.
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3:10 - 3:12And as they slide their hand down the lever,
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3:12 - 3:15they can push with a smaller effective lever length,
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3:15 - 3:17but push through a bigger angle every stroke,
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3:17 - 3:21which makes a faster rotational speed, and gives you an effective high gear.
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3:21 - 3:23So what's exciting about this system
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3:23 - 3:25is that it's really, really mechanically simple,
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3:25 - 3:27and you could make it using technology
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3:27 - 3:29that's been around for hundreds of years.
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3:29 - 3:31So seeing this in practice,
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3:31 - 3:33this is the Leveraged Freedom Chair that,
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3:33 - 3:35after a few years of development,
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3:35 - 3:37we're now going into production with,
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3:37 - 3:39and this is a full-time wheelchair user --
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3:39 - 3:41he's paralyzed -- in Guatemala,
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3:41 - 3:45and you see he's able to traverse pretty rough terrain.
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3:45 - 3:49Again, the key innovation of this technology is that when he wants to go fast,
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3:49 - 3:53he just grabs the levers near the pivots and goes through a big angle every stroke,
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3:53 - 3:56and as the going gets tougher, he just slides his hands up the levers,
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3:56 - 3:58creates more torque, and kind of bench-presses his way
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3:58 - 4:01out of trouble through the rough terrain.
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4:01 - 4:04Now the big, important point here is that
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4:04 - 4:07the person is the complex machine in this system.
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4:07 - 4:10It's the person that's sliding his hands up and down the levers,
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4:10 - 4:13so the mechanism itself can be very simple
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4:13 - 4:16and composed of bicycle parts you can get anywhere in the world.
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4:16 - 4:17Because those bicycle parts
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4:17 - 4:20are so ubiquitously available, they're super-cheap.
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4:20 - 4:22They're made by the gazillions in China and India,
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4:22 - 4:24and we can source them anywhere in the world,
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4:24 - 4:26build the chair anywhere, and most importantly repair it,
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4:26 - 4:29even out in a village with a local bicycle mechanic
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4:29 - 4:33who has local tools, knowledge and parts available.
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4:33 - 4:36Now, when you want to use the LFC indoors,
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4:36 - 4:40all you have to do is pull the levers out of the drivetrain,
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4:40 - 4:43stow them in the frame, and it converts into a normal wheelchair
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4:43 - 4:45that you can use just like any other normal wheelchair,
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4:45 - 4:48and we sized it like a normal wheelchair,
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4:48 - 4:52so it's narrow enough to fit through a standard doorway,
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4:52 - 4:55it's low enough to fit under a table,
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4:55 - 4:59and it's small and maneuverable enough to fit in a bathroom
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4:59 - 5:02and this is important so the user can get up close to a toilet,
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5:02 - 5:04and be able to transfer off
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5:04 - 5:10just like he could in a normal wheelchair.
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5:10 - 5:13Now, there's three important points that I want to stress
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5:13 - 5:16that I think really hit home in this project.
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5:16 - 5:19The first is that this product works well because
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5:19 - 5:22we were effectively able to combine
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5:22 - 5:26rigorous engineering science and analysis with user-centered design
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5:26 - 5:29focused on the social and usage and economic factors
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5:29 - 5:32important to wheelchair users in the developing countries.
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5:32 - 5:34So I'm an academic at MIT, and I'm a mechanical engineer,
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5:34 - 5:38so I can do things like look at the type of terrain you want to travel on,
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5:38 - 5:41and figure out how much resistance it should impose,
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5:41 - 5:44look at the parts we have available and mix and match them
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5:44 - 5:46to figure out what sort of gear trains we can use,
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5:46 - 5:49and then look at the power and force you can get out of your upper body
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5:49 - 5:51to analyze how fast you should be able to go in this chair
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5:51 - 5:54as you put your arms up and down the levers.
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5:54 - 5:57So as a wet-behind-the-ears student, excited,
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5:57 - 6:00our team made a prototype,
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6:00 - 6:04brought that prototype to Tanzania, Kenya and Vietnam in 2008,
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6:04 - 6:07and found it was terrible
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6:07 - 6:09because we didn't get enough input from users.
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6:09 - 6:12So because we tested it with wheelchair users,
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6:12 - 6:15with wheelchair manufacturers, we got that feedback from them,
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6:15 - 6:18not just articulating their problems, but articulating their solutions,
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6:18 - 6:22and worked together to go back to the drawing board and make a new design,
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6:22 - 6:24which we brought back to East Africa in '09
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6:24 - 6:27that worked a lot better than a normal wheelchair on rough terrain,
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6:27 - 6:29but it still didn't work well indoors because it was too big,
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6:29 - 6:32it was heavy, it was hard to move around,
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6:32 - 6:35so again with that user feedback, we went back to the drawing board,
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6:35 - 6:37came up with a better design, 20 pounds lighter,
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6:37 - 6:41as narrow as a regular wheelchair, tested that in a field trial in Guatemala,
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6:41 - 6:43and that advanced the product to the point
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6:43 - 6:46where we have now that it's going into production.
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6:46 - 6:49Now also being engineering scientists,
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6:49 - 6:52we were able to quantify the performance benefits of the Leveraged Freedom Chair,
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6:52 - 6:55so here are some shots of our trial in Guatemala
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6:55 - 6:59where we tested the LFC on village terrain,
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6:59 - 7:01and tested people's biomechanical outputs,
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7:01 - 7:03their oxygen consumption, how fast they go,
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7:03 - 7:04how much power they're putting out,
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7:04 - 7:07both in their regular wheelchairs and using the LFC,
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7:07 - 7:10and we found that the LFC is about 80 percent faster
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7:10 - 7:12going on these terrains than a normal wheelchair.
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7:12 - 7:16It's also about 40 percent more efficient than a regular wheelchair,
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7:16 - 7:18and because of the mechanical advantage you get from the levers,
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7:18 - 7:20you can produce 50 percent higher torque
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7:20 - 7:24and really muscle your way through the really, really rough terrain.
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7:24 - 7:28Now the second lesson that we learned in this is that
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7:28 - 7:31the constraints on this design really push the innovation,
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7:31 - 7:33because we had to hit such a low price point,
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7:33 - 7:35because we had to make a device that could travel
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7:35 - 7:38on many, many types of terrain but still be usable indoors,
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7:38 - 7:40and be simple enough to repair,
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7:40 - 7:43we ended up with a fundamentally new product,
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7:43 - 7:45a new product that is an innovation
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7:45 - 7:48in a space that really hasn't changed in a hundred years.
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7:48 - 7:51And these are all merits that are not just good in the developing world.
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7:51 - 7:53Why not in countries like the U.S. too?
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7:53 - 7:55So we teamed up with Continuum,
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7:55 - 7:57a local product design firm here in Boston
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7:57 - 8:00to make the high-end version, the developed world version,
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8:00 - 8:03that we'll probably sell primarily in the U.S. and Europe,
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8:03 - 8:06but to higher-income buyers.
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8:06 - 8:09And the final point I want to make is that I think
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8:09 - 8:12this project worked well because we engaged
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8:12 - 8:16all the stakeholders that buy into this project and are important to consider
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8:16 - 8:20in bringing the technology from inception of an idea
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8:20 - 8:24through innovation, validation, commercialization and dissemination,
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8:24 - 8:28and that cycle has to start and end with end users.
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8:28 - 8:30These are the people that define the requirements of the technology,
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8:30 - 8:33and these are the people that have to give the thumbs-up at the end,
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8:33 - 8:35and say, "Yeah, it actually works. It meets our needs."
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8:35 - 8:37So people like me in the academic space,
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8:37 - 8:41we can do things like innovate and analyze and test,
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8:41 - 8:44create data and make bench-level prototypes,
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8:44 - 8:47but how do you get that bench-level prototype to commercialization?
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8:47 - 8:50So we need gap-fillers like Continuum that can work on commercializing,
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8:50 - 8:53and we started a whole NGO to bring our chair to market --
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8:53 - 8:55Global Research Innovation Technology --
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8:55 - 8:59and then we also teamed up with a big manufacturer in India, Pinnacle Industries,
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8:59 - 9:01that's tooled up now to make 500 chairs a month
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9:01 - 9:03and will make the first batch of 200 next month,
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9:03 - 9:05which will be delivered in India.
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9:05 - 9:08And then finally, to get this out to the people in scale,
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9:08 - 9:10we teamed up with the largest disability organization
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9:10 - 9:13in the world, Jaipur Foot.
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9:13 - 9:15Now what's powerful about this model
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9:15 - 9:18is when you bring together all these stakeholders
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9:18 - 9:20that represent each link in the chain
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9:20 - 9:22from inception of an idea
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9:22 - 9:25all the way to implementation in the field,
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9:25 - 9:27that's where the magic happens.
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9:27 - 9:29That's where you can take a guy like me, an academic,
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9:29 - 9:32but analyze and test and create a new technology
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9:32 - 9:36and quantitatively determine how much better the performance is.
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9:36 - 9:38You can connect with stakeholders like the manufacturers
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9:38 - 9:40and talk with them face-to-face and leverage their
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9:40 - 9:43local knowledge of manufacturing practices and their clients
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9:43 - 9:46and combine that knowledge with our engineering knowledge
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9:46 - 9:50to create something greater than either of us could have done alone.
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9:50 - 9:52And then you can also engage the end user
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9:52 - 9:55in the design process, and not just ask him what he needs,
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9:55 - 9:58but ask him how he thinks it can be achieved.
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9:58 - 10:01And this picture was taken in India in our last field trial,
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10:01 - 10:03where we had a 90-percent adoption rate where people
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10:03 - 10:07switched to using our Leveraged Freedom Chair over their normal wheelchair,
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10:07 - 10:10and this picture specifically is of Ashok,
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10:10 - 10:13and Ashok had a spinal injury when he fell out of a tree,
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10:13 - 10:16and he had been working at a tailor, but once he was injured
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10:16 - 10:19he wasn't able to transport himself from his house
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10:19 - 10:21over a kilometer to his shop in his normal wheelchair.
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10:21 - 10:23The road was too rough.
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10:23 - 10:26But the day after he got an LFC, he hopped in it,
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10:26 - 10:28rode that kilometer, opened up his shop
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10:28 - 10:30and soon after landed a contract to make school uniforms
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10:30 - 10:33and started making money, started providing for his family again.
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10:33 - 10:35Ashok: You also encouraged me to work.
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10:35 - 10:38I rested for a day at home.
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10:38 - 10:43The next day I went to my shop.
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10:43 - 10:46Now everything is back to normal.
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10:46 - 10:50Amos Winter: And thank you very much for having me today.
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10:50 - 10:54(Applause)
- Title:
- The cheap all-terrain wheelchair
- Speaker:
- Amos Winter
- Description:
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How do you build a wheelchair ready to blaze through mud and sand, all for under $200? MIT engineer Amos Winter guides us through the mechanics of an all-terrain wheelchair that’s cheap and easy to build -- for true accessibility -- and gives us some lessons he learned along the road.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:14
Jenny Zurawell edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair | ||
Morton Bast accepted English subtitles for The cheap all-terrain wheelchair |