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Dianna Reiss: You may think you're looking
-
through a window at a dolphin spinning playfully,
-
but what you're actually looking through
-
is a two-way mirror at a dolphin
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looking at itself spinning playfully.
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This is a dolphin that is self-aware.
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This dolphin has self-awareness.
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It's a young dolphin named Bailey.
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I've been very interested in understanding the nature
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of the intelligence of dolphins for the past 30 years.
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How do we explore intelligence in this animal
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that's so different from us,
-
and what I've used is a very simple research tool,
-
a mirror, and we've gained great information,
-
reflections of these animal minds.
-
Dolphins are the only animals, the only non-human animals,
-
to show mirror self-recognition.
-
We used to think this was a uniquely human ability,
-
but we learned that the great apes, our closest relatives,
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also show this ability.
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Then we showed it in dolphins,
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and then later in elephants.
-
We did this work in my lab with the dolphins and elephants,
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and it's been recently shown in the magpie.
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Now, it's interesting, because we've embraced
-
this Darwinian view of a continuity in physical evolution,
-
this physical continuity.
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But we've been much more reticent, much slower
-
at recognizing this continuity in cognition,
-
in emotion, in consciousness in other animals.
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Other animals are conscious.
-
They're emotional. They're aware.
-
There have been multitudes of studies with many species
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over the years that have given us exquisite evidence
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for thinking and consciousness in other animals,
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other animals that are quite different than we are in form.
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We are not alone.
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We are not alone in these abilities.
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And I hope, and one of my biggest dreams,
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is that, with our growing awareness
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about the consciousness of others
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and our relationship with the rest of the animal world,
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that we'll give them the respect and protection
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that they deserve.
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So that's a wish I'm throwing out here for everybody,
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and I hope I can really engage you in this idea.
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Now, I want to return to dolphins,
-
because these are the animals that I feel like
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I've been working up closely and personal with
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for over 30 years.
-
And these are real personalities.
-
They are not persons, but they're personalities
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in every sense of the word.
-
And you can't get more alien than the dolphin.
-
They are very different from us in body form.
-
They're radically different. They come from a radically different environment.
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In fact, we're separated by 95 million years
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of divergent evolution.
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Look at this body.
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And in every sense of making a pun here,
-
these are true non-terrestrials.
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I wondered how we might interface with these animals.
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In the 1980s, I developed an underwater keyboard.
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This was a custom-made touch-screen keyboard.
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What I wanted to do was give the dolphins choice and control.
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These are big brains, highly social animals,
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and I thought, well, if we give them choice and control,
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if they can hit a symbol on this keyboard,
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and by the way it was interfaced by fiberoptic cables
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from Hewlett Packard with an Apple II computer.
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This seems prehistoric now,
-
but this was where we were with technology.
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So the dolphins could hit a key, a symbol,
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they heard a computer-generated whistle,
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and they got an object or activity.
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Now here's a little video.
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This is Delphi and Pan, and you're going to see Delphi
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hitting a key, he hears a computer-generated whistle,
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and gets a ball, so they can actually ask for things they want.
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What was remarkable is, they explored this keyboard
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on their own. There was no intervention on our part.
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They explored the keyboard. They played around with it.
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They figured out how it worked.
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And they started to quickly imitate the sounds
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they were hearing on the keyboard.
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They imitated on their own.
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Beyond that, though, they started learning
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associations between the symbols, the sounds,
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and the objects.
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What we saw was self-organized learning,
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and now I'm imagining, what can we do
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with new technologies?
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How can we create interfaces, new windows into
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the minds of animals, with the technologies that exist today?
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So I was thinking about this, and then, one day,
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I got a call from Peter.
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Peter Gabriel: I make noises for a living.
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On a good day, it's music,
-
and I want to talk a little bit about
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the most amazing music-making experience I ever had.
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I'm a farm boy. I grew up surrounded by animals,
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and I would look in these eyes and wonder
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what was going on there?
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So as an adult, when I started to read about
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the amazing breakthroughs with Penny Patterson and Koko,
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with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh and Kanzi, Panbanisha,
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Irene Pepperberg, Alex the Parrot,
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I got all excited.
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What was amazing to me also
-
was they seemed a lot more adept
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at getting a handle on our language
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than we were on getting a handle on theirs.
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I work with a lot of musicians from around the world,
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and often we don't have any common language at all,
-
but we sit down behind our instruments,
-
and suddenly there's a way for us to connect and emote.
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So I started cold-calling, and eventually got through
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to Sue Savage-Rumbaugh,
-
and she invited me down.
-
I went down, and the bonobos
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had had access to percussion instruments,
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musical toys, but never before to a keyboard.
-
At first they did what infants do,
-
just bashed it with their fists,
-
and then I asked, through Sue,
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if Panbanisha could try with one finger only.
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(Music)
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Sue Savage-Rumbaugh: Can you play a grooming song?
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I want to hear a grooming song.
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Play a real quiet grooming song.
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PG: So groom was the subject of the piece.
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(Music)
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So I'm just behind, jamming,
-
yeah, this is what we started with.
-
Sue's encouraging her to continue a little more.
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(Music)
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She discovers a note she likes,
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finds the octave.
-
She'd never sat at the keyboard before.
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Nice triplets.
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SST: You did very good. That was very good.
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PG: She hit good.
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(Applause)
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So that night, we began to dream,
-
and we thought, perhaps the most amazing tool
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that man's created is the internet,
-
and what would happen if we could somehow
-
find new interfaces,
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visual-audio interfaces that would allow
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these remarkable sentient beings
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that we share the planet with access,
-
and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh got excited about that,
-
called her friend Steve Woodruff,
-
and we began hustling all sorts of people
-
whose work related or was inspiring,
-
which led us to Diana,
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and led us to Neil.
-
Neil Gershenfeld: Thanks, Peter.
PG: Thank you.
-
(Applause)
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NG: So Peter approached me.
-
I lost it when I saw that clip.
-
He approached me with a vision of doing these things
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not for people, for animals.
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And then I was struck in this history of the internet.
-
This is what the internet looked like when it was born
-
and you can call that the internet
-
of middle-aged white men,
-
mostly middle-aged white men.
-
Vint Cerf: (Laughs)
-
(Laughter)
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NG: Speaking as one.
-
Then, when I first came to TED,
-
which was where I met Peter, I showed this.
-
This is a one dollar web server,
-
and at the time that was radical.
-
And the possibility of making a web serve for a dollar
-
grew into what became known as the internet of things,
-
which is literally an industry now with tremendous implications
-
for health care, energy efficiency.
-
And we were happy with ourselves.
-
And then, when Peter showed me that,
-
I realized we had missed something,
-
which is the rest of the planet.
-
So we started up this interspecies internet project.
-
Now we started talking with TED
-
about how you bring dolphins and great apes and elephants
-
to TED, and we realized that wouldn't work.
-
So we're going to bring you to them.
-
So if we could switch to the audio from this computer,
-
we've been videoconferencing with cognitive animals,
-
and we're going to have each of them
-
just briefly introduce them.
-
And so if we could also have this up, great.
-
So the first site were going to meet
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is Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, with orangutans.
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In the daytime they live outside. It's nighttime there now.
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So can you please go ahead?
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Terri Cox: Hi, I'm Terri Cox
-
with the Cameron Park Zoo in Waco, Texas,
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and with me I have [name inaudible] and Mei,
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two of our Bornean orangutans.
-
During the day, they have a beautiful, large outdoor habitat,
-
and at night, they come into this habitat,
-
into their night quarters,
-
where they can have a climate-controlled
-
and secure environment to sleep in.
-
We participate in the Apps for Apes Program,
-
orangutan outreach, and we use iPads
-
to help stimulate and enrich the animals,
-
and also help raise awareness
-
for these critically endangered animals.
-
And they share 97 percent of our DNA
-
and are incredibly intelligent,
-
so it's so exciting to think of all the opportunities
-
that we have via technology and the internet
-
to really enrich their lives and open up their world.
-
We're really excited about the possibility
-
of an interspecies internet,
-
and K.J. has been enjoying the conference very much.
-
NG: That's great. When we were rehearsing last night,
-
he had fun watching the elephants.
-
Next user group are the dolphins are the National Aquarium.
-
Please go ahead.
-
Allison Ginsburg: Good evening.
-
Well, my name is Allison Ginsburg,
-
and we're live in Baltimore at the National Aquarium.
-
Joining me are three of our eight Atlantic bottlenose dolphins:
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20-year old Chesapeake, who was our first dolphin born here,
-
her four-year old daughter Bailey,
-
and her half-sister, 11-year old Maya.
-
Now, here at the National Aquarium
-
we are committed to excellence in animal care,
-
to research, and to conservation.
-
The dolphins are pretty intrigued as to what's going on here tonight.
-
They're not really used to having cameras here
-
at eight o'clock at night.
-
In addition, we are very committed to doing
-
different types of research.
-
As Diana mentioned, our animals are involved
-
in many different research studies.
-
NG: Those are for you.
-
Okay, that's great, thank you.
-
And the third user group, in Thailand,
-
is Think Elephant. Go ahead, Josh.
-
Josh Pyke: Hi, my name is Josh Pyke,
-
and I'm with Think Elephants International,
-
and we're here in the Golden Triangle of Thailand
-
with the Golden Triangle Asian Elephant Foundation elephants.
-
And we have 26 elephants here,
-
and our research is focused on the evolution of intelligence with elephants,
-
but our foundation Think Elephants is focused
-
on bringing elephants into classrooms around the world
-
virtually like this and showing people
-
how incredible these animals are.
-
So we're able to bring the camera right up to the elephant,
-
put food into the elephant's mouth,
-
show people what's going on inside their mouths,
-
and show everyone around the world
-
how incredible these animals really are.
-
NG: Okay, that's great. Thanks Josh.
-
And once again, we've been building great relationships
-
among them just since we've been rehearsing.
-
So at that point, if we can go back to the other computer,
-
we were starting to think about how you integrate
-
the rest of the biomass of the planet into the internet,
-
and we went to the best possible person
-
I can think of, which is Vint Cerf,
-
who is one of the founders who gave us the internet.
-
Vint?
-
VC: Thank you, Neil.
-
(Applause)
-
A long time ago in a galaxy — oops, wrong script.
-
Forty years ago, Bob Kahn and I
-
did the design of the internet.
-
Thirty years ago, we turned it on.
-
Just last year, we turned on the production internet.
-
You've been using the experimental version
-
for the last 30 years.
-
The production version, it uses IP version 6.
-
It has 3.4 times 10 to the 38th possible terminations.
-
That's a number that only the Congress can appreciate.
-
But it leads to what is coming next.
-
When Bob and I did this design,
-
we thought we were building a system to connect computers together.
-
What we very quickly discovered
-
is that this was a system for connecting people together.
-
And what you've seen tonight
-
tells you that we should not restrict this network
-
to one species,
-
that these other intelligent, sentient species
-
should be part of the system too.
-
This is the system, as it looks today, by the way,
-
this is what the internet looks like to a computer
-
that's trying to figure out where the traffic
-
is supposed to go.
-
This is generated by a program
-
that's looking at the connectivity of the internet,
-
and how all the various networks are connected together.
-
There are about 400,000 networks, interconnected,
-
run independently by 400,000 different operating agencies,
-
and the only reason this works
-
is that they all use the same standard TCP/IP protocols.
-
Well, you know where this is headed.
-
The internet of things tell us
-
that a lot of computer-enabled appliances and devices
-
are going to become part of this system too:
-
appliances that you use around the house,
-
that you use in your office,
-
that you carry around with yourself or in the car.
-
That's the internet of things that's coming.
-
Now, what's important about what these people are doing
-
is that they're beginning to learn
-
how to communicate with species
-
that are not us
-
but share a common sensory environment.
-
We're beginning to explore what it means
-
to communicate with something
-
that isn't just another person.
-
Well, you can see what's coming next.
-
All kinds of possible sentient beings
-
may be interconnected through this system,
-
and I can't wait to see these experiments unfold.
-
What happens after that?
-
Well, let's see.
-
There are machines that need to talk to machines
-
and that we need to talk to, and so as time goes on,
-
we're going to have to learn
-
how to communicate with computers
-
and how to get computers to communicate with us
-
in the way that we're accustomed to,
-
not with keyboards, not with mice,
-
but with speech and gestures
-
and all the natural human language that we're accustomed to.
-
So we'll need something like C3PO
-
to become a translator between ourselves
-
and some of the other machines we live with.
-
Now, there is a project that's underway
-
called the Interplanetary Internet.
-
It's an operation between Earth and Mars.
-
It's operating on the International Space Station.
-
It's part of the spacecraft that's in orbit around the sun
-
that's rendezvoused with two planets.
-
So the interplanetary system is on its way,
-
but there's a last project
-
which the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency,
-
which funded the original ARPANET,
-
funded the internet, funded the interplanetary architecture,
-
is now funding a project to design a spacecraft
-
to get to the nearest star in a hundred year's time.
-
What that means is that what we're learning
-
with these interactions with other species
-
will teach us, ultimately,
-
how we might interact with an alien from another world.
-
I can hardly wait.
-
(Applause)
-
Moderator: So first of all, thank you,
-
and I would like to acknowledge that four people
-
who could talk to us for full four days
-
actually managed to stay to four minutes each,
-
and we thank you for that.
-
So I have so many questions,
-
but maybe a few practical things that the audience might want to know.
-
You're launching this idea here at TED —
PG: Today.
-
Moderator: — today, this is the first time you're talking about it.
-
Tell me a little bit about where you're going to take the idea.
-
What's next?
-
PG: I think we want to engage as many people
-
here as possible in helping us
-
think of smart interfaces that will make all this possible.
-
NG: And just mechanically,
-
there's a five-at-one C3 and web infrastructure
-
and all of that, but it's not quite ready to turn on,
-
so we'll roll that out and contact us
-
if you want the information on it.
-
The idea is this will be much like the internet functions
-
as a network of networks,
-
which is Vint's core contribution,
-
this will be a wrapper around all of these initiatives,
-
that are wonderful individually, to link them globally.
-
Moderator: Right, and do you have a web address
-
that we might look for yet?
-
NG: Shortly.
Moderator: Shortly. We will come back to you on that.
-
And very quickly, just to clarify.
-
Some people might have looked at the video that you showed
-
and thought, well, that's just a webcam.
-
What's special about it?
-
If you could talk for just a moment
-
about how you want to go past that?
-
NG: So this is scalable video infrastructure,
-
not for a few to a few but many to many,
-
so that it scales to symmetrical video sharing
-
and content sharing across these sites around the planet.
-
So there's a lot of back-end signal processing,
-
not for one to many, but for many to many.
-
Moderator: Right, and then on a practical level,
-
which technologies are you looking at first?
-
I know you mentioned that a keyboard is a really key part of this.
-
DR: We're trying to develop an interactive touchscreen for dolphins.
-
This is sort of a continuation of some of the earlier work,
-
and we just got our first seed money today towards that,
-
so it's our first project.
-
Moderator: Before the talk, even.
DR: Yeah.
-
Moderator: Well done.
-
All right, well thank you all so much for joining us.
-
It's such a delight for having you on the stage.
-
VC: Thank you.
-
(Applause)