Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction)
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0:04 - 0:06Hello and welcome. This is a
presentation of non linear functions. -
0:06 - 0:12And I have developed this as a public
class at the Licium in December of 2014 -
0:13 - 0:15but had not recorded it back then.
-
0:15 - 0:18So, I'm recording it as a screen cast so
that I can upload it -
0:18 - 0:23on to Youtube and I can make it even
more available. -
0:24 - 0:28This is the first time that I am doing
this converting my class -
0:29 - 0:31into a screen cast so I would appreciate
your feedback. -
0:32 - 0:35This presentation is on non linear
functions. -
0:35 - 0:39Non linear functions are models,
mathematical models of -
0:39 - 0:41physical phenomena that we
often encounter -
0:42 - 0:47However, unlike linear functions they are
a little more harder to analyze and -
0:47 - 0:50predict. The behavior is harder to
predict. -
0:50 - 0:55In many circumstances when we try to model
physical phenomena we see that -
0:56 - 1:00higher order terms have very very small
coefficients. -
1:00 - 1:06So we just ignore them but those small
terms can actually affect -
1:06 - 1:09the behavior of functions in certain
circumstances. -
1:09 - 1:15So this presentation is going to be an
introduction to these types of -
1:15 - 1:18functions and how they behave and what
you can do with them. -
1:18 - 1:21So to start off with let's just do a quick
recap. -
1:22 - 1:27A recap of basic ideas which I know many
of you may already be familiar with -
1:28 - 1:31If you already know about all this you can
skip this and go to the next -
1:31 - 1:35The basic ideas we are going to discuss
are functions. -
1:36 - 1:42What are functions? Functions are
mathematical concepts which we use to -
1:42 - 1:48describe how elements of one set change
into elements of another set. -
1:48 - 1:52For example I can say F of x equal to
x squared. -
1:52 - 1:57Which is a function that is squared and
simpled. -
1:57 - 2:01Or you can say F of x equal to sine of x
-
2:02 - 2:08The trigonometric sine of x, expressed in
radians. Things like that. -
2:08 - 2:12These are examples of functions,
simple functions -
2:13 - 2:17These two are non-linear
but we can have linear ones as well. -
2:18 - 2:23Say x + 5, or something like 2x
or something like that -
2:24 - 2:25These are linear functions.
These last two are linear. -
2:26 - 2:28The first two are non-linear because
they have higher order terms -
2:28 - 2:33Higher order terms meaning terms with
a power of more than 1 -
2:34 - 2:40Now, usually when we talk about functions
we talk about solving them -
2:40 - 2:43So we say: y equal to x squared, and you
can plot it -
2:43 - 2:48Or you can find the value of the function
for a given value of x, and something like that. -
2:48 - 2:56But in this series we're going to be
mostly talking about iteration functions -
2:56 - 3:02This is something which you might not
have done. -
3:02 - 3:06So the basic idea is to take a function,
say this one which we have up here -
3:06 - 3:10F of x equal to x squared
And apply this function repeatedly -
3:11 - 3:19So if I were to take F(x) = x^2,
and I say F of 2 will be 4 -
3:19 - 3:28And then you apply F on this one,
so you say F of 4 equal to 4 squared, 16 -
3:29 - 3:34And then you say F of 16, it's the square
of 16, then you say square of that -
3:34 - 3:36Then square of that, then square of that.
-
3:36 - 3:39This is called iterating. You apply a
function repeatedly on something. -
3:39 - 3:44And this actually gives you certain kinds
of behaviour -
3:44 - 3:52which we'll find interesting in the
upcoming segments. -
3:52 - 3:57So let's say if I wanted to apply
F(x) on a function, so F(x) = x^2 -
3:58 - 4:02So if I apply this three times, it will be
F of F of F of x -
4:02 - 4:09I want to apply the squaring function on a
number (say 2), three times -
4:10 - 4:22You can write it like this. You will get
the third "iterate" of the number 2 under
the function F -
4:23 - 4:28And as a matter of notation, we tend to
write it like this, F three times of 2. -
4:29 - 4:35So this is F of F of F of 2
-
4:36 - 4:42So this is the notation which we're going
to use repeatedly in this series. -
4:42 - 4:46So this is iterational functions.
-
4:46 - 4:51And what we're interested in is finding
behaviours of functions when we do this. -
4:52 - 4:55Now let's move to the next phase.
-
4:55 - 4:57We have a notation and we have the basic
thing that we're going to do. -
4:58 - 5:01What we're going to discuss right now is
what I call Orbits. -
5:01 - 5:05The term might sound technical, but it's a
simple thing -
5:05 - 5:13It's just the successive iterates of a
number under a function. -
5:14 - 5:20So if I were to take a number, say in this
case let's just say a simpler function -
5:20 - 5:27Let's just take F of x equal to 2x (double
the number). Then you can start with 1 -
5:27 - 5:37We'll start with Orbit of 1 under F.
The first thing would be 1, -
5:37 - 5:43then you apply F once, it would become 2.
You apply F to that, you get 4, -
5:43 - 5:48you apply F to that you get 8, 16, 32, 64,
128, etc. -
5:48 - 5:55These are the iterates of 1 under the
function F(x) = 2x. -
5:56 - 6:00And this series is called the Orbit of 1.
-
6:01 - 6:06So the Orbit of 1 is successive iterates
of a number under a function. -
6:07 - 6:11So we talk about what is the orbit of this
number, what is the orbit of that number, -
6:11 - 6:16how does the orbit behave? And things like
that. So it's this orbit thing that we're
interested in. -
6:16 - 6:20And we can actually make predictions about
orbits and where this thing will go -
6:20 - 6:22if you start iterating and things like
that. -
6:22 - 6:27Now given that we know what orbits are now
there is some interesting kinds of points -
6:27 - 6:31We'll discuss many of them in the upcoming
segments -
6:31 - 6:33but the first and simplest one is what's
called a "Fixed Point" -
6:33 - 6:37It's something important, just in case.
-
6:37 - 6:45A Fixed Point is a point that is fixed.
This means that F(x) will be equal to x -
6:45 - 6:55for that point. And this is something
which varies depending on functions. -
6:55 - 6:59If I were to take F(x)=2x, this function
which I just talked about earlier -
6:59 - 7:01Zero is a fixed point.
-
7:01 - 7:10Why? Because F(0) will be 0, and then you
apply that as many times as you want -
7:10 - 7:12It stays there it doesn't move, it's fixed
-
7:13 - 7:16On the other hand, we just saw over here
that if you take 1, it's not fixed -
7:16 - 7:18It just keeps on increasing
-
7:18 - 7:21If you take 0, it's what we call
a Fixed Point. -
7:21 - 7:28And you can see how this behaves, you can
see how the functions behave now. -
7:28 - 7:32Let's take a few simple examples and see
how this thing does. -
7:33 - 7:37So consider this, we take an interpreter
so that we can do this easily -
7:37 - 7:44So that I have square root, sine, cosine
and things like that. -
7:44 - 7:51And take a number, so let's say 5. I'm
going to say square root of 5, we get this -
7:51 - 7:56Square root of that, we get this.
And I keep doing this again and again -
7:57 - 7:59So this is iterating manually
-
7:59 - 8:03And we can see that as I iterate, this
thing slowly becomes smaller and smaller. -
8:03 - 8:11It tends towards 1, right? And 1 is under
square root of 1 a Fixed Point -
8:11 - 8:13Because square root of 1 is 1
-
8:13 - 8:18Alright, consider the other one. Consider
sine of something expressed in radians -
8:18 - 8:26So let's take sine of pi. Sine of pi is
this, it's infinitesimally small. -
8:27 - 8:31Let's take sine of pi/2. This is 1.
-
8:31 - 8:39Sine of pi/1.9, just a little bit less.
If you iterate all of this... -
8:39 - 8:49This is sine of some random number, just
do 2 or something -
8:57 - 9:07Sine of 3, and then sine of this. So if
you apply sine repeatedly on a number -
9:08 - 9:11you see that it slowly goes down lower and
lower and lower -
9:12 - 9:14and ultimately it tends to 0.
-
9:14 - 9:17You can see this happening if you write a
small function -
9:17 - 9:22Iterate, this is the function, this is the
start point, this the number of iterations -
9:22 - 9:34And you can see S equal to start, and
say for i in range of iterations -
9:34 - 9:40And you can say S equal to the function
applied on S -
9:40 - 9:51And you just say Print. Simple function.
-
9:51 - 9:55So just try this, iterate sine starting
from 2, a hundrer times -
9:55 - 10:03You can see that it starts off from 0.9
and keeps reducing -
10:03 - 10:06Reduces, reduces, reduces it goes down
like this -
10:06 - 10:10If I were to take this to 1000, it would
go extremely lower -
10:11 - 10:1310,000 it's even lower.
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10:13 - 10:18So it's slowly tending towards 0. And this
seems to hold for many of the points -
10:18 - 10:27For example for 3, for example for pi.
It's going down to almost 0. -
10:27 - 10:34Pi/2, anything. So anything you give,
it slowly tends towards 0 -
10:35 - 10:38And 0 of course is a Fixed Point.
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10:38 - 10:50So 0 is a Fixed Point for this function.
0 is also a Fixed Point for sine of x. -
10:50 - 10:57Now let's take another one. Let's try
cos of x which is looking more interesting -
10:57 - 11:01Let's just take pi, and we'll take
cos of x -
11:01 - 11:05Cos of x and cos of a function, and then
now we try this. -
11:06 - 11:13You can see that it goes to 0.739085133215
-
11:13 - 11:25And this seems to happen for anything
usually: 3, 2, 1, anything. -
11:25 - 11:33And this is a Fixed Point of cos of x.
-
11:33 - 11:37This seemingly random number is a Fixed
Point for cos of x. -
11:38 - 11:45Because of my definition you know that
this is a point at which cos(x) equal to x -
11:45 - 11:50But it's not straightforward what's so
particular about this number. -
11:50 - 11:54So this is the concept of a Fixed Point.
-
11:55 - 11:59So that ends our first segment, which is
just an introduction to functions -
11:59 - 12:02What is iteration, what is an Orbit, and
what is a Fixed Point. -
12:03 - 12:06Now we'll discuss more types of points
in the next segment.
- Title:
- Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction)
- Description:
-
Introduction to basics of functions and iteration.
Notes at https://gist.github.com/nibrahim/e71a442d36e571e9dfb8
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- Captions Requested
- Duration:
- 12:07
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
Julien Boukhaled edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
shardsofplatinum edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) | ||
GreenRM edited English subtitles for Non-Linear Functions : Part 1 (Introduction) |