How to reduce poverty? Fix homes
-
0:01 - 0:07The idea of eliminating poverty is a great goal.
-
0:07 - 0:11I don't think anyone in this room would disagree.
-
0:11 - 0:15What worries me is when politicians with money
-
0:15 - 0:19and charismatic rock stars
-
0:19 - 0:21use the words,
-
0:21 - 0:27it all just sounds so, so simple.
-
0:27 - 0:30Now, I've got no bucket of money today
-
0:30 - 0:33and I've got no policy to release,
-
0:33 - 0:36and I certainly haven't got a guitar.
-
0:36 - 0:39I'll leave that to others.
-
0:39 - 0:40But I do have an idea,
-
0:40 - 0:43and that idea is called Housing for Health.
-
0:43 - 0:46Housing For Health works with poor people.
-
0:46 - 0:49It works in the places where they live,
-
0:49 - 0:53and the work is done to improve their health.
-
0:53 - 0:55Over the last 28 years,
-
0:55 - 0:59this tough, grinding, dirty work
-
0:59 - 1:02has been done by literally thousands of people
-
1:02 - 1:06around Australia, and more recently overseas,
-
1:06 - 1:10and their work has proven that focused design
-
1:10 - 1:13can improve even the poorest living environments.
-
1:13 - 1:16It can improve health, and it can play a part
-
1:16 - 1:21in reducing, if not eliminating, poverty.
-
1:21 - 1:25I'm going to start where the story began, 1985,
-
1:25 - 1:27in central Australia.
-
1:27 - 1:30A man called Yami Lester, an Aboriginal man,
-
1:30 - 1:32was running a health service.
-
1:32 - 1:35Eighty percent of what walked in the door,
-
1:35 - 1:39in terms of illness, was infectious disease --
-
1:39 - 1:42third world, developing world infectious disease,
-
1:42 - 1:47caused by a poor living environment.
-
1:47 - 1:51Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.
-
1:51 - 1:53He got a medical doctor.
-
1:53 - 1:56He got an environmental health guy.
-
1:56 - 2:01And he hand-selected a team of local Aboriginal people
-
2:01 - 2:03to work on this project.
-
2:03 - 2:07Yami told us at that first meeting, there's no money.
-
2:07 - 2:10Always a good start, no money.
-
2:10 - 2:13You have six months.
-
2:13 - 2:15And I want you to start on a project which in his language
-
2:15 - 2:18he called "uwankara palyanku kanyintjaku,"
-
2:18 - 2:23which, translated, is "a plan to stop people getting sick,"
-
2:23 - 2:27a profound brief.
-
2:27 - 2:30That was our task.
-
2:30 - 2:32First step, the medical doctor went away
-
2:32 - 2:35for about six months,
-
2:35 - 2:37and he worked on what were to become
-
2:37 - 2:43these nine health goals, what were we aiming at.
-
2:43 - 2:45After six months of work, he came to my office
-
2:45 - 2:50and presented me with those nine words on a piece of paper.
-
2:50 - 2:51[Washing, clothes, wastewater, nutrition... ]
-
2:51 - 2:54Now, I was very, very unimpressed.
-
2:54 - 2:56Come on.
-
2:56 - 2:59Big ideas need big words
-
2:59 - 3:02and preferably a lot of them.
-
3:02 - 3:03This didn't fit the bill.
-
3:03 - 3:07What I didn't see and what you can't see
-
3:07 - 3:12is that he'd assembled thousands of pages
-
3:12 - 3:16of local, national and international health research
-
3:16 - 3:19that filled out the picture as to why these
-
3:19 - 3:21were the health targets.
-
3:21 - 3:23The pictures that came a bit later
-
3:23 - 3:25had a very simple reason.
-
3:25 - 3:26The Aboriginal people who were our bosses
-
3:26 - 3:30and the senior people were most commonly illiterate,
-
3:30 - 3:33so the story had to be told in pictures
-
3:33 - 3:34of what were these goals.
-
3:34 - 3:36We work with the community,
-
3:36 - 3:38not telling them what was going to happen
-
3:38 - 3:41in a language they didn't understand.
-
3:41 - 3:45So we had the goals, and each one of these goals --
-
3:45 - 3:47and I won't go through them all —
-
3:47 - 3:51puts at the center the person and their health issue,
-
3:51 - 3:53and it then connects them
-
3:53 - 3:55to the bits of the physical environment
-
3:55 - 3:59that are actually needed to keep their health good.
-
3:59 - 4:02And the highest priority, you see on the screen,
-
4:02 - 4:06is washing people once a day, particularly children.
-
4:06 - 4:08Now I hope most of you are thinking,
-
4:08 - 4:09"What? That sounds simple."
-
4:09 - 4:13Now, I'm going to ask you all a very personal question.
-
4:13 - 4:15This morning before you came,
-
4:15 - 4:20who could have had a wash using a shower?
-
4:20 - 4:22I'm not going to ask if you had a shower,
-
4:22 - 4:24because I'm too polite. That's it. (Laughter)
-
4:24 - 4:26Okay. All right.
-
4:26 - 4:28I think it's fair to say, most people here
-
4:28 - 4:30could have had a shower this morning.
-
4:30 - 4:33I'm going to ask you to do some more work.
-
4:33 - 4:35I want you all to select one of the houses
-
4:35 - 4:37of the 25 houses you see on the screen.
-
4:37 - 4:39I want you to select one of them and note
-
4:39 - 4:40the position of that house
-
4:40 - 4:42and keep that in your head.
-
4:42 - 4:44Have you all got a house? I'm going to ask you
-
4:44 - 4:47to live there for a few months, so make sure you've got it right.
-
4:47 - 4:50It's in the northwest of Western Australia, very pleasant place.
-
4:50 - 4:55Okay. Let's see if your shower in that house is working.
-
4:55 - 4:58I hear some "aw"s and I hear some "aah."
-
4:58 - 5:01If you get a green tick, your shower's working.
-
5:01 - 5:02You and your kids are fine.
-
5:02 - 5:05If you get a red cross,
-
5:05 - 5:07well, I've looked carefully around the room
-
5:07 - 5:10and it's not going to make much difference to this crew.
-
5:10 - 5:13Why? Because you're all too old.
-
5:13 - 5:15And I know that's going to come as a shock to some of you,
-
5:15 - 5:16but you are.
-
5:16 - 5:18Now before you get offended and leave,
-
5:18 - 5:20I've got to say that being too old in this case
-
5:20 - 5:24means that pretty much everyone in the room, I think,
-
5:24 - 5:27is over five years of age.
-
5:27 - 5:30We're really concerned with kids naught to five.
-
5:30 - 5:37And why? Washing is the antidote to the sort of bugs,
-
5:37 - 5:39the common infectious diseases of the eyes, the ears,
-
5:39 - 5:42the chest and the skin
-
5:42 - 5:45that, if they occur in the first five years of life,
-
5:45 - 5:49permanently damage those organs.
-
5:49 - 5:53They leave a lifelong remnant.
-
5:53 - 5:55That means that, by the age of five,
-
5:55 - 5:57you can't see as well for the rest of your life.
-
5:57 - 6:00You can't hear as well for the rest of your life.
-
6:00 - 6:02You can't breath as well. You've lost a third
-
6:02 - 6:05of your lung capacity by the age of five.
-
6:05 - 6:08And even skin infection, which we originally thought
-
6:08 - 6:10wasn't that big a problem,
-
6:10 - 6:13mild skin infections naught to five give you
-
6:13 - 6:15a greatly increased chance of renal failure,
-
6:15 - 6:18needing dialysis at age 40.
-
6:18 - 6:21This is a big deal, so the ticks and crosses on the screen
-
6:21 - 6:25are actually critical for young kids.
-
6:25 - 6:28Those ticks and crosses represent the 7,800 houses
-
6:28 - 6:30we've looked at nationally around Australia,
-
6:30 - 6:31the same proportion.
-
6:31 - 6:34What you see on the screen -- 35 percent of those
-
6:34 - 6:38not-so-famous houses lived in by 50,000 indigenous people,
-
6:38 - 6:4235 percent had a working shower.
-
6:42 - 6:45Ten percent of those same 7,800 houses
-
6:45 - 6:48had safe electrical systems,
-
6:48 - 6:52and 58 percent of those houses
-
6:52 - 6:55had a working toilet.
-
6:55 - 6:58These are by a simple, standard test:
-
6:58 - 7:02In the case of the shower, does it have hot and cold water,
-
7:02 - 7:05two taps that work,
-
7:05 - 7:09a shower rose to get water onto your head
-
7:09 - 7:12or onto your body, and a drain that takes the water away?
-
7:12 - 7:16Not well designed, not beautiful, not elegant --
-
7:16 - 7:17just that they function.
-
7:17 - 7:22And the same test for the electrical system and the toilets.
-
7:22 - 7:24Housing for Health projects aren't about measuring failure.
-
7:24 - 7:27They're actually about improving houses.
-
7:27 - 7:32We start on day one of every project -- we've learned,
-
7:32 - 7:34we don't make promises, we don't do reports.
-
7:34 - 7:39We arrive in the morning with tools, tons of equipment,
-
7:39 - 7:42trades, and we train up a local team on the first day
-
7:42 - 7:44to start work.
-
7:44 - 7:46By the evening of the first day, a few houses
-
7:46 - 7:47in that community are better
-
7:47 - 7:49than when we started in the morning.
-
7:49 - 7:52That work continues for six to 12 months
-
7:52 - 7:54until all the houses are improved
-
7:54 - 7:57and we've spent our budget of 7,500
-
7:57 - 7:58dollars total per house.
-
7:58 - 8:00That's our average budget.
-
8:00 - 8:05At the end of six months to a year, we test every house again.
-
8:05 - 8:07It's very easy to spend money.
-
8:07 - 8:10It's very difficult to improve the function
-
8:10 - 8:12of all those parts of the house,
-
8:12 - 8:14and for a whole house, the nine healthy living practices,
-
8:14 - 8:19we test, check and fix 250 items in every house.
-
8:19 - 8:21And these are the results
-
8:21 - 8:23we can get with our 7,500 dollars.
-
8:23 - 8:26We can get showers up to 86 percent working,
-
8:26 - 8:30we can get electrical systems up to 77 percent working,
-
8:30 - 8:32and we can get 90 percent of toilets working
-
8:32 - 8:35in those 7,500 houses.
-
8:35 - 8:40Thank you. (Applause)
-
8:44 - 8:48The teams do a great job, and that's their work.
-
8:48 - 8:51I think there's an obvious question
-
8:51 - 8:54that I hope you're thinking about.
-
8:54 - 8:56Why do we have to do this work?
-
8:56 - 8:59Why are the houses in such poor condition?
-
8:59 - 9:01Seventy percent of the work we do
-
9:01 - 9:03is due to lack of routine maintenance,
-
9:03 - 9:05the sort of things that happen in all our houses.
-
9:05 - 9:06Things wear out.
-
9:06 - 9:09Should have been done by state government or local government.
-
9:09 - 9:12Simply not done, the house doesn't work.
-
9:12 - 9:14Twenty-one percent of the things we fix
-
9:14 - 9:16are due to faulty construction,
-
9:16 - 9:19literally things that are built upside down and back-to-front.
-
9:19 - 9:22They don't work. We have to fix them.
-
9:22 - 9:25And if you've lived in Australia in the last 30 years,
-
9:25 - 9:29the final cause -- You will have heard always
-
9:29 - 9:31that indigenous people trash houses.
-
9:31 - 9:35It's one of the almost rock-solid pieces of evidence,
-
9:35 - 9:37which I've never seen evidence for,
-
9:37 - 9:40that's always ruled out as that's the problem with indigenous housing.
-
9:40 - 9:42Well, nine percent of what we spend is damage,
-
9:42 - 9:46misuse or abuse of any sort.
-
9:46 - 9:49We argue strongly that the people living in the house
-
9:49 - 9:51are simply not the problem.
-
9:51 - 9:53And we'll go a lot further than that.
-
9:53 - 9:55The people living in the house are actually
-
9:55 - 9:58a major part of the solution.
-
9:58 - 10:01Seventy-five percent of our national team in Australia,
-
10:01 - 10:03over 75 at the minute,
-
10:03 - 10:06are actually local, indigenous people
-
10:06 - 10:08from the communities we work in.
-
10:08 - 10:10They do all aspects of the work.
-
10:10 - 10:16(Applause)
-
10:16 - 10:20In 2010, for example, there were 831,
-
10:20 - 10:22all over Australia, and the Torres Strait Islands,
-
10:22 - 10:25all states, working to improve the houses
-
10:25 - 10:27where they and their families live,
-
10:27 - 10:29and that's an important thing.
-
10:29 - 10:34Our work's always had a focus on health. That's the key.
-
10:34 - 10:38The developing world bug trachoma, it causes blindness.
-
10:38 - 10:40It's a developing world illness,
-
10:40 - 10:42and yet, the picture you see behind
-
10:42 - 10:46is in an Aboriginal community in the late 1990s
-
10:46 - 10:50where 95 percent of school-aged kids had active trachoma
-
10:50 - 10:53in their eyes doing damage.
-
10:53 - 10:54Okay, what do we do?
-
10:54 - 10:58Well, first thing we do, we get showers working.
-
10:58 - 10:59Why? Because that flushes the bug out.
-
10:59 - 11:02We put washing facilities in the school as well,
-
11:02 - 11:05so kids can wash their faces many times during the day.
-
11:05 - 11:06We wash the bug out.
-
11:06 - 11:10Second, the eye doctors tell us that dust scours the eye
-
11:10 - 11:13and lets the bug in quick. So what do we do?
-
11:13 - 11:16We call up the doctor of dust, and there is such a person.
-
11:16 - 11:18He was loaned to us by a mining company.
-
11:18 - 11:21He controls dust on mining company sites,
-
11:21 - 11:23and he came out, and within a day it worked out
-
11:23 - 11:25that most dust in this community was
-
11:25 - 11:28within a meter of the ground, the wind-driven dust,
-
11:28 - 11:31so he suggested making mounds to catch the dust
-
11:31 - 11:33before it went into the house area
-
11:33 - 11:35and affected the eyes of kids.
-
11:35 - 11:39So we used dirt to stop dust.
-
11:39 - 11:41We did it. He provided us dust monitors.
-
11:41 - 11:44We tested and we reduced the dust.
-
11:44 - 11:46Then we wanted to get rid of the bug generally.
-
11:46 - 11:47So how do we do that?
-
11:47 - 11:50Well, we call up the doctor of flies,
-
11:50 - 11:52and yes there is a doctor of flies.
-
11:52 - 11:54As our Aboriginal mate said,
-
11:54 - 11:56"You white fellows ought to get out more."
-
11:56 - 11:58(Laughter)
-
11:58 - 12:02And the doctor of flies very quickly determined
-
12:02 - 12:06that there was one fly that carried the bug.
-
12:06 - 12:08He could give school kids in this community
-
12:08 - 12:11the beautiful fly trap you see above in the slide.
-
12:11 - 12:14They could trap the flies, send them to him in Perth.
-
12:14 - 12:17When the bug was in the gut, he'd send back
-
12:17 - 12:19by return post some dung beetles.
-
12:19 - 12:21The dung beetles ate the camel dung,
-
12:21 - 12:23the flies died through lack of food,
-
12:23 - 12:25and trachoma dropped.
-
12:25 - 12:27And over the year, trachoma dropped
-
12:27 - 12:30radically in this place, and stayed low.
-
12:30 - 12:35We changed the environment, not just treated the eyes.
-
12:35 - 12:39And finally, you get a good eye.
-
12:39 - 12:41All these small health gains
-
12:41 - 12:44and small pieces of the puzzle make a big difference.
-
12:44 - 12:46The New South Wales Department of Health,
-
12:46 - 12:47that radical organization,
-
12:47 - 12:51did an independent trial over three years
-
12:51 - 12:53to look at 10 years of the work we've been doing
-
12:53 - 12:56in these sorts of projects in New South Wales,
-
12:56 - 12:59and they found a 40-percent reduction
-
12:59 - 13:03in hospital admissions for the illnesses
-
13:03 - 13:05that you could attribute to the poor environment.
-
13:05 - 13:08A 40-percent reduction.
-
13:08 - 13:15(Applause)
-
13:15 - 13:18Just to show that the principles we've used
-
13:18 - 13:20in Australia can be used in other places,
-
13:20 - 13:22I'm just going to go to one other place, and that's Nepal,
-
13:22 - 13:24and what a beautiful place to go.
-
13:24 - 13:28We were asked by a small village of 600 people
-
13:28 - 13:32to go in and make toilets where none existed.
-
13:32 - 13:34Health was poor.
-
13:34 - 13:37We went in with no grand plan, no grand promises
-
13:37 - 13:39of a great program, just the offer to build
-
13:39 - 13:41two toilets for two families.
-
13:41 - 13:44It was during the design of the first toilet
-
13:44 - 13:47that I went for lunch, invited by the family
-
13:47 - 13:49into their main room of the house.
-
13:49 - 13:51It was choking with smoke.
-
13:51 - 13:54People were cooking on their only fuel source, green timber.
-
13:54 - 13:56The smoke coming off that timber is choking,
-
13:56 - 13:59and in an enclosed house, you simply can't breathe.
-
13:59 - 14:04Later we found the leading cause of illness and death
-
14:04 - 14:07in this particular region is through respiratory failure.
-
14:07 - 14:10So all of a sudden we had two problems.
-
14:10 - 14:12We were there originally to look at toilets
-
14:12 - 14:14and get human waste off the ground. That's fine.
-
14:14 - 14:17But all of a sudden now there was a second problem.
-
14:17 - 14:20How do we actually get the smoke down? So two problems,
-
14:20 - 14:23and design should be about more than one thing.
-
14:23 - 14:27Solution: Take human waste, take animal waste,
-
14:27 - 14:30put it into a chamber, out of that extract biogas,
-
14:30 - 14:32methane gas.
-
14:32 - 14:35The gas gives three to four hours cooking a day --
-
14:35 - 14:39clean, smokeless and free for the family.
-
14:39 - 14:44(Applause)
-
14:44 - 14:47I put it to you, is this eliminating poverty?
-
14:47 - 14:50And the answer from the Nepali team who is working
-
14:50 - 14:52at the minute would say, don't be ridiculous,
-
14:52 - 14:54we have three million more toilets to build
-
14:54 - 14:57before we can even make a stab at that claim.
-
14:57 - 15:00And I don't pretend anything else.
-
15:00 - 15:03But as we all sit here today,
-
15:03 - 15:05there are now over 100 toilets built
-
15:05 - 15:07in this village and a couple nearby.
-
15:07 - 15:11Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.
-
15:11 - 15:14Yami Lama, he's a young boy.
-
15:14 - 15:17He's got significantly less gut infection
-
15:17 - 15:18because he's now got toilets,
-
15:18 - 15:22and there isn't human waste on the ground.
-
15:22 - 15:25Kanji Maya, she's a mother and a proud one.
-
15:25 - 15:30She's probably right now cooking lunch for her family
-
15:30 - 15:32on biogas, smokeless fuel.
-
15:32 - 15:35Her lungs have got better, and they'll get better
-
15:35 - 15:38as time increases, because she's not cooking in the same smoke.
-
15:38 - 15:40Surya takes the waste out of the biogas chamber
-
15:40 - 15:43when it's shed the gas, he puts it on his crops.
-
15:43 - 15:46He's trebled his crop income,
-
15:46 - 15:49more food for the family and more money for the family.
-
15:49 - 15:51And finally Bishnu,
-
15:51 - 15:55the leader of the team, has now understood
-
15:55 - 15:57that not only have we built toilets,
-
15:57 - 15:59we've also built a team,
-
15:59 - 16:02and that team is now working in two villages
-
16:02 - 16:04where they're training up the next two villages
-
16:04 - 16:06to keep the work expanding.
-
16:06 - 16:08And that, to me, is the key.
-
16:08 - 16:13(Applause)
-
16:13 - 16:16People are not the problem.
-
16:16 - 16:18We've never found that.
-
16:18 - 16:20The problem: poor living environment,
-
16:20 - 16:25poor housing, and the bugs that do people harm.
-
16:25 - 16:28None of those are limited by geography,
-
16:28 - 16:33by skin color or by religion. None of them.
-
16:33 - 16:35The common link between all the work we've had to do
-
16:35 - 16:39is one thing, and that's poverty.
-
16:39 - 16:42Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s,
-
16:42 - 16:44not too far from here, he said that
-
16:44 - 16:49like slavery and Apartheid, "Poverty is not natural.
-
16:49 - 16:53It's man-made and can be overcome and eradicated
-
16:53 - 16:57by the actions of human beings."
-
16:57 - 17:00I want to end by saying it's been the actions
-
17:00 - 17:04of thousands of ordinary human beings
-
17:04 - 17:07doing, I think, extraordinary work,
-
17:07 - 17:10that have actually improved health,
-
17:10 - 17:13and, maybe only in a small way, reduced poverty.
-
17:13 - 17:15Thank you very much for your time.
-
17:15 - 17:20(Applause)
- Title:
- How to reduce poverty? Fix homes
- Speaker:
- Paul Pholeros
- Description:
-
In 1985, architect Paul Pholeros was challenged by the director of an Aboriginal-controlled health service to "stop people getting sick" in a small indigenous community in south Australia. The key insights: think beyond medicine and fix the local environment. In this sparky, interactive talk, Pholeros describes projects undertaken by Healthabitat, the organization he now runs to help reduce poverty--through practical design fixes--in Australia and beyond.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 17:39
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Jenny Zurawell edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Thu-Huong Ha approved English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes | ||
Thu-Huong Ha edited English subtitles for How to reduce poverty? Fix homes |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 11/9/2015.