0:00:01.314,0:00:06.740
The idea of eliminating poverty is a great goal.

0:00:06.740,0:00:10.512
I don't think anyone in this room would disagree.

0:00:10.512,0:00:15.060
What worries me is when politicians with money

0:00:15.060,0:00:18.791
and charismatic rock stars

0:00:18.791,0:00:20.824
use the words,

0:00:20.824,0:00:26.809
it all just sounds so, so simple.

0:00:26.809,0:00:30.120
Now, I've got no bucket of money today

0:00:30.120,0:00:33.201
and I've got no policy to release,

0:00:33.201,0:00:35.667
and I certainly haven't got a guitar.

0:00:35.667,0:00:38.532
I'll leave that to others.

0:00:38.532,0:00:40.146
But I do have an idea,

0:00:40.146,0:00:43.461
and that idea is called Housing for Health.

0:00:43.461,0:00:46.061
Housing For Health works with poor people.

0:00:46.061,0:00:49.116
It works in the places where they live,

0:00:49.116,0:00:53.049
and the work is done to improve their health.

0:00:53.049,0:00:55.228
Over the last 28 years,

0:00:55.228,0:00:58.698
this tough, grinding, dirty work

0:00:58.698,0:01:02.108
has been done by literally thousands of people

0:01:02.108,0:01:05.629
around Australia, and more recently overseas,

0:01:05.629,0:01:09.610
and their work has proven that focused design

0:01:09.610,0:01:13.331
can improve even the poorest living environments.

0:01:13.331,0:01:16.283
It can improve health, and it can play a part

0:01:16.283,0:01:21.018
in reducing, if not eliminating, poverty.

0:01:21.018,0:01:24.997
I'm going to start where the story began, 1985,

0:01:24.997,0:01:26.955
in central Australia.

0:01:26.955,0:01:29.947
A man called Yami Lester, an Aboriginal man,

0:01:29.947,0:01:32.467
was running a health service.

0:01:32.467,0:01:34.626
Eighty percent of what walked in the door,

0:01:34.626,0:01:38.587
in terms of illness, was infectious disease --

0:01:38.587,0:01:41.684
third world, developing world infectious disease,

0:01:41.684,0:01:46.919
caused by a poor living environment.

0:01:46.919,0:01:50.978
Yami assembled a team in Alice Springs.

0:01:50.978,0:01:53.466
He got a medical doctor.

0:01:53.466,0:01:56.266
He got an environmental health guy.

0:01:56.266,0:02:01.034
And he hand-selected a team of local Aboriginal people

0:02:01.034,0:02:03.445
to work on this project.

0:02:03.445,0:02:07.432
Yami told us at that first meeting, there's no money.

0:02:07.432,0:02:10.258
Always a good start, no money.

0:02:10.258,0:02:12.611
You have six months.

0:02:12.611,0:02:14.974
And I want you to start on a project which in his language

0:02:14.974,0:02:18.236
he called "uwankara palyanku kanyintjaku,"

0:02:18.236,0:02:23.324
which, translated, is "a plan to stop people getting sick,"

0:02:23.324,0:02:27.265
a profound brief.

0:02:27.265,0:02:30.172
That was our task.

0:02:30.172,0:02:32.444
First step, the medical doctor went away

0:02:32.444,0:02:34.932
for about six months,

0:02:34.932,0:02:36.786
and he worked on what were to become

0:02:36.786,0:02:43.236
these nine health goals, what were we aiming at.

0:02:43.236,0:02:45.242
After six months of work, he came to my office

0:02:45.242,0:02:49.677
and presented me with those nine words on a piece of paper.

0:02:49.677,0:02:50.800
[Washing, clothes, wastewater, nutrition... ]

0:02:50.800,0:02:54.390
Now, I was very, very unimpressed.

0:02:54.390,0:02:56.197
Come on.

0:02:56.197,0:02:59.051
Big ideas need big words

0:02:59.051,0:03:01.530
and preferably a lot of them.

0:03:01.530,0:03:03.186
This didn't fit the bill.

0:03:03.186,0:03:07.362
What I didn't see and what you can't see

0:03:07.362,0:03:12.011
is that he'd assembled thousands of pages

0:03:12.011,0:03:15.597
of local, national and international health research

0:03:15.597,0:03:18.803
that filled out the picture as to why these

0:03:18.803,0:03:20.634
were the health targets.

0:03:20.634,0:03:23.407
The pictures that came a bit later

0:03:23.407,0:03:24.810
had a very simple reason.

0:03:24.810,0:03:26.467
The Aboriginal people who were our bosses

0:03:26.467,0:03:30.463
and the senior people were most commonly illiterate,

0:03:30.463,0:03:32.647
so the story had to be told in pictures

0:03:32.647,0:03:34.371
of what were these goals.

0:03:34.371,0:03:36.500
We work with the community,

0:03:36.500,0:03:38.211
not telling them what was going to happen

0:03:38.211,0:03:41.316
in a language they didn't understand.

0:03:41.316,0:03:44.860
So we had the goals, and each one of these goals --

0:03:44.860,0:03:46.574
and I won't go through them all —

0:03:46.574,0:03:50.734
puts at the center the person and their health issue,

0:03:50.734,0:03:52.595
and it then connects them

0:03:52.595,0:03:55.387
to the bits of the physical environment

0:03:55.387,0:03:59.043
that are actually needed to keep their health good.

0:03:59.043,0:04:01.531
And the highest priority, you see on the screen,

0:04:01.531,0:04:06.159
is washing people once a day, particularly children.

0:04:06.159,0:04:07.524
Now I hope most of you are thinking,

0:04:07.524,0:04:09.173
"What? That sounds simple."

0:04:09.173,0:04:13.494
Now, I'm going to ask you all a very personal question.

0:04:13.494,0:04:14.809
This morning before you came,

0:04:14.809,0:04:19.715
who could have had a wash using a shower?

0:04:19.715,0:04:21.631
I'm not going to ask if you had a shower,

0:04:21.631,0:04:24.348
because I'm too polite. That's it. (Laughter)

0:04:24.348,0:04:26.064
Okay. All right.

0:04:26.064,0:04:28.077
I think it's fair to say, most people here

0:04:28.077,0:04:30.249
could have had a shower this morning.

0:04:30.249,0:04:32.565
I'm going to ask you to do some more work.

0:04:32.565,0:04:35.170
I want you all to select one of the houses

0:04:35.170,0:04:37.246
of the 25 houses you see on the screen.

0:04:37.246,0:04:38.908
I want you to select one of them and note

0:04:38.908,0:04:40.433
the position of that house

0:04:40.433,0:04:41.906
and keep that in your head.

0:04:41.906,0:04:44.122
Have you all got a house? I'm going to ask you

0:04:44.122,0:04:46.883
to live there for a few months, so make sure you've got it right.

0:04:46.883,0:04:50.117
It's in the northwest of Western Australia, very pleasant place.

0:04:50.117,0:04:55.380
Okay. Let's see if your shower in that house is working.

0:04:55.380,0:04:58.211
I hear some "aw"s and I hear some "aah."

0:04:58.211,0:05:01.291
If you get a green tick, your shower's working.

0:05:01.291,0:05:02.466
You and your kids are fine.

0:05:02.466,0:05:04.803
If you get a red cross,

0:05:04.803,0:05:07.257
well, I've looked carefully around the room

0:05:07.257,0:05:10.111
and it's not going to make much difference to this crew.

0:05:10.111,0:05:12.923
Why? Because you're all too old.

0:05:12.923,0:05:14.736
And I know that's going to come as a shock to some of you,

0:05:14.736,0:05:16.057
but you are.

0:05:16.057,0:05:18.144
Now before you get offended and leave,

0:05:18.144,0:05:20.427
I've got to say that being too old in this case

0:05:20.427,0:05:23.556
means that pretty much everyone in the room, I think,

0:05:23.556,0:05:27.022
is over five years of age.

0:05:27.022,0:05:30.250
We're really concerned with kids naught to five.

0:05:30.250,0:05:36.534
And why? Washing is the antidote to the sort of bugs,

0:05:36.534,0:05:39.430
the common infectious diseases of the eyes, the ears,

0:05:39.430,0:05:42.438
the chest and the skin

0:05:42.438,0:05:45.334
that, if they occur in the first five years of life,

0:05:45.334,0:05:49.243
permanently damage those organs.

0:05:49.243,0:05:52.905
They leave a lifelong remnant.

0:05:52.905,0:05:55.249
That means that, by the age of five,

0:05:55.249,0:05:57.498
you can't see as well for the rest of your life.

0:05:57.498,0:06:00.073
You can't hear as well for the rest of your life.

0:06:00.073,0:06:01.957
You can't breath as well. You've lost a third

0:06:01.957,0:06:04.753
of your lung capacity by the age of five.

0:06:04.753,0:06:07.801
And even skin infection, which we originally thought

0:06:07.801,0:06:10.009
wasn't that big a problem,

0:06:10.009,0:06:12.649
mild skin infections naught to five give you

0:06:12.649,0:06:15.129
a greatly increased chance of renal failure,

0:06:15.129,0:06:18.364
needing dialysis at age 40.

0:06:18.364,0:06:21.283
This is a big deal, so the ticks and crosses on the screen

0:06:21.283,0:06:24.697
are actually critical for young kids.

0:06:24.697,0:06:27.939
Those ticks and crosses represent the 7,800 houses

0:06:27.939,0:06:29.825
we've looked at nationally around Australia,

0:06:29.825,0:06:31.351
the same proportion.

0:06:31.351,0:06:34.395
What you see on the screen -- 35 percent of those

0:06:34.395,0:06:38.305
not-so-famous houses lived in by 50,000 indigenous people,

0:06:38.305,0:06:41.977
35 percent had a working shower.

0:06:41.977,0:06:45.299
Ten percent of those same 7,800 houses

0:06:45.299,0:06:47.961
had safe electrical systems,

0:06:47.961,0:06:51.865
and 58 percent of those houses

0:06:51.865,0:06:55.370
had a working toilet.

0:06:55.370,0:06:58.457
These are by a simple, standard test:

0:06:58.457,0:07:02.369
In the case of the shower, does it have hot and cold water,

0:07:02.369,0:07:05.414
two taps that work,

0:07:05.414,0:07:09.378
a shower rose to get water onto your head

0:07:09.378,0:07:11.705
or onto your body, and a drain that takes the water away?

0:07:11.705,0:07:15.939
Not well designed, not beautiful, not elegant --

0:07:15.939,0:07:17.308
just that they function.

0:07:17.308,0:07:21.811
And the same test for the electrical system and the toilets.

0:07:21.811,0:07:24.323
Housing for Health projects aren't about measuring failure.

0:07:24.323,0:07:27.355
They're actually about improving houses.

0:07:27.355,0:07:31.771
We start on day one of every project -- we've learned,

0:07:31.771,0:07:34.155
we don't make promises, we don't do reports.

0:07:34.155,0:07:38.882
We arrive in the morning with tools, tons of equipment,

0:07:38.882,0:07:42.411
trades, and we train up a local team on the first day

0:07:42.411,0:07:43.510
to start work.

0:07:43.510,0:07:46.112
By the evening of the first day, a few houses

0:07:46.112,0:07:47.441
in that community are better

0:07:47.441,0:07:49.489
than when we started in the morning.

0:07:49.489,0:07:52.028
That work continues for six to 12 months

0:07:52.028,0:07:53.750
until all the houses are improved

0:07:53.750,0:07:56.770
and we've spent our budget of 7,500

0:07:56.770,0:07:58.375
dollars total per house.

0:07:58.375,0:08:00.336
That's our average budget.

0:08:00.336,0:08:04.771
At the end of six months to a year, we test every house again.

0:08:04.771,0:08:06.963
It's very easy to spend money.

0:08:06.963,0:08:09.531
It's very difficult to improve the function

0:08:09.531,0:08:11.555
of all those parts of the house,

0:08:11.555,0:08:14.467
and for a whole house, the nine healthy living practices,

0:08:14.467,0:08:19.161
we test, check and fix 250 items in every house.

0:08:19.161,0:08:20.625
And these are the results

0:08:20.625,0:08:23.152
we can get with our 7,500 dollars.

0:08:23.152,0:08:25.901
We can get showers up to 86 percent working,

0:08:25.901,0:08:29.716
we can get electrical systems up to 77 percent working,

0:08:29.716,0:08:32.373
and we can get 90 percent of toilets working

0:08:32.373,0:08:34.956
in those 7,500 houses.

0:08:34.956,0:08:40.291
Thank you. (Applause)

0:08:43.652,0:08:48.453
The teams do a great job, and that's their work.

0:08:48.453,0:08:50.682
I think there's an obvious question

0:08:50.682,0:08:53.593
that I hope you're thinking about.

0:08:53.593,0:08:56.059
Why do we have to do this work?

0:08:56.059,0:08:59.088
Why are the houses in such poor condition?

0:08:59.088,0:09:01.190
Seventy percent of the work we do

0:09:01.190,0:09:02.797
is due to lack of routine maintenance,

0:09:02.797,0:09:04.682
the sort of things that happen in all our houses.

0:09:04.682,0:09:06.191
Things wear out.

0:09:06.191,0:09:09.093
Should have been done by state government or local government.

0:09:09.093,0:09:12.263
Simply not done, the house doesn't work.

0:09:12.263,0:09:14.427
Twenty-one percent of the things we fix

0:09:14.427,0:09:16.293
are due to faulty construction,

0:09:16.293,0:09:19.318
literally things that are built upside down and back-to-front.

0:09:19.318,0:09:21.799
They don't work. We have to fix them.

0:09:21.799,0:09:25.433
And if you've lived in Australia in the last 30 years,

0:09:25.433,0:09:29.222
the final cause -- You will have heard always

0:09:29.222,0:09:31.384
that indigenous people trash houses.

0:09:31.384,0:09:34.907
It's one of the almost rock-solid pieces of evidence,

0:09:34.907,0:09:36.885
which I've never seen evidence for,

0:09:36.885,0:09:39.877
that's always ruled out as that's the problem with indigenous housing.

0:09:39.877,0:09:42.197
Well, nine percent of what we spend is damage,

0:09:42.197,0:09:45.986
misuse or abuse of any sort.

0:09:45.986,0:09:49.189
We argue strongly that the people living in the house

0:09:49.189,0:09:51.170
are simply not the problem.

0:09:51.170,0:09:52.670
And we'll go a lot further than that.

0:09:52.670,0:09:54.551
The people living in the house are actually

0:09:54.551,0:09:57.749
a major part of the solution.

0:09:57.749,0:10:01.138
Seventy-five percent of our national team in Australia,

0:10:01.138,0:10:03.069
over 75 at the minute,

0:10:03.069,0:10:05.833
are actually local, indigenous people

0:10:05.833,0:10:07.742
from the communities we work in.

0:10:07.742,0:10:10.192
They do all aspects of the work.

0:10:10.192,0:10:15.953
(Applause)

0:10:15.953,0:10:19.572
In 2010, for example, there were 831,

0:10:19.572,0:10:22.432
all over Australia, and the Torres Strait Islands,

0:10:22.432,0:10:25.224
all states, working to improve the houses

0:10:25.224,0:10:26.875
where they and their families live,

0:10:26.875,0:10:29.122
and that's an important thing.

0:10:29.122,0:10:34.261
Our work's always had a focus on health. That's the key.

0:10:34.261,0:10:37.918
The developing world bug trachoma, it causes blindness.

0:10:37.918,0:10:40.120
It's a developing world illness,

0:10:40.120,0:10:42.161
and yet, the picture you see behind

0:10:42.161,0:10:45.783
is in an Aboriginal community in the late 1990s

0:10:45.783,0:10:49.737
where 95 percent of school-aged kids had active trachoma

0:10:49.737,0:10:52.872
in their eyes doing damage.

0:10:52.872,0:10:54.442
Okay, what do we do?

0:10:54.442,0:10:57.665
Well, first thing we do, we get showers working.

0:10:57.665,0:10:59.312
Why? Because that flushes the bug out.

0:10:59.312,0:11:01.999
We put washing facilities in the school as well,

0:11:01.999,0:11:04.760
so kids can wash their faces many times during the day.

0:11:04.760,0:11:06.422
We wash the bug out.

0:11:06.422,0:11:10.455
Second, the eye doctors tell us that dust scours the eye

0:11:10.455,0:11:12.794
and lets the bug in quick. So what do we do?

0:11:12.794,0:11:16.238
We call up the doctor of dust, and there is such a person.

0:11:16.238,0:11:18.472
He was loaned to us by a mining company.

0:11:18.472,0:11:20.616
He controls dust on mining company sites,

0:11:20.616,0:11:23.417
and he came out, and within a day it worked out

0:11:23.417,0:11:25.439
that most dust in this community was

0:11:25.439,0:11:28.188
within a meter of the ground, the wind-driven dust,

0:11:28.188,0:11:31.281
so he suggested making mounds to catch the dust

0:11:31.281,0:11:33.274
before it went into the house area

0:11:33.274,0:11:35.056
and affected the eyes of kids.

0:11:35.056,0:11:38.814
So we used dirt to stop dust.

0:11:38.814,0:11:41.443
We did it. He provided us dust monitors.

0:11:41.443,0:11:43.712
We tested and we reduced the dust.

0:11:43.712,0:11:45.908
Then we wanted to get rid of the bug generally.

0:11:45.908,0:11:47.063
So how do we do that?

0:11:47.063,0:11:49.960
Well, we call up the doctor of flies,

0:11:49.960,0:11:52.411
and yes there is a doctor of flies.

0:11:52.411,0:11:54.161
As our Aboriginal mate said,

0:11:54.161,0:11:56.200
"You white fellows ought to get out more."

0:11:56.200,0:11:58.379
(Laughter)

0:11:58.379,0:12:01.824
And the doctor of flies very quickly determined

0:12:01.824,0:12:05.659
that there was one fly that carried the bug.

0:12:05.659,0:12:08.373
He could give school kids in this community

0:12:08.373,0:12:11.195
the beautiful fly trap you see above in the slide.

0:12:11.195,0:12:14.064
They could trap the flies, send them to him in Perth.

0:12:14.064,0:12:16.793
When the bug was in the gut, he'd send back

0:12:16.793,0:12:18.988
by return post some dung beetles.

0:12:18.988,0:12:20.643
The dung beetles ate the camel dung,

0:12:20.643,0:12:23.026
the flies died through lack of food,

0:12:23.026,0:12:24.523
and trachoma dropped.

0:12:24.523,0:12:27.081
And over the year, trachoma dropped

0:12:27.081,0:12:30.360
radically in this place, and stayed low.

0:12:30.360,0:12:34.693
We changed the environment, not just treated the eyes.

0:12:34.693,0:12:38.665
And finally, you get a good eye.

0:12:38.665,0:12:41.088
All these small health gains

0:12:41.088,0:12:44.040
and small pieces of the puzzle make a big difference.

0:12:44.040,0:12:45.992
The New South Wales Department of Health,

0:12:45.992,0:12:47.083
that radical organization,

0:12:47.083,0:12:50.848
did an independent trial over three years

0:12:50.848,0:12:53.145
to look at 10 years of the work we've been doing

0:12:53.145,0:12:55.816
in these sorts of projects in New South Wales,

0:12:55.816,0:12:59.464
and they found a 40-percent reduction

0:12:59.464,0:13:02.900
in hospital admissions for the illnesses

0:13:02.900,0:13:05.216
that you could attribute to the poor environment.

0:13:05.216,0:13:07.652
A 40-percent reduction.

0:13:07.652,0:13:15.413
(Applause)

0:13:15.413,0:13:17.715
Just to show that the principles we've used

0:13:17.715,0:13:19.706
in Australia can be used in other places,

0:13:19.706,0:13:22.313
I'm just going to go to one other place, and that's Nepal,

0:13:22.313,0:13:24.225
and what a beautiful place to go.

0:13:24.225,0:13:27.735
We were asked by a small village of 600 people

0:13:27.735,0:13:31.647
to go in and make toilets where none existed.

0:13:31.647,0:13:34.270
Health was poor.

0:13:34.270,0:13:36.890
We went in with no grand plan, no grand promises

0:13:36.890,0:13:38.856
of a great program, just the offer to build

0:13:38.856,0:13:40.894
two toilets for two families.

0:13:40.894,0:13:44.307
It was during the design of the first toilet

0:13:44.307,0:13:46.922
that I went for lunch, invited by the family

0:13:46.922,0:13:48.666
into their main room of the house.

0:13:48.666,0:13:50.657
It was choking with smoke.

0:13:50.657,0:13:54.321
People were cooking on their only fuel source, green timber.

0:13:54.321,0:13:56.470
The smoke coming off that timber is choking,

0:13:56.470,0:13:59.123
and in an enclosed house, you simply can't breathe.

0:13:59.123,0:14:03.882
Later we found the leading cause of illness and death

0:14:03.882,0:14:07.465
in this particular region is through respiratory failure.

0:14:07.465,0:14:09.689
So all of a sudden we had two problems.

0:14:09.689,0:14:11.898
We were there originally to look at toilets

0:14:11.898,0:14:13.771
and get human waste off the ground. That's fine.

0:14:13.771,0:14:16.866
But all of a sudden now there was a second problem.

0:14:16.866,0:14:19.781
How do we actually get the smoke down? So two problems,

0:14:19.781,0:14:22.946
and design should be about more than one thing.

0:14:22.946,0:14:26.540
Solution: Take human waste, take animal waste,

0:14:26.540,0:14:29.922
put it into a chamber, out of that extract biogas,

0:14:29.922,0:14:31.585
methane gas.

0:14:31.585,0:14:34.677
The gas gives three to four hours cooking a day --

0:14:34.677,0:14:38.675
clean, smokeless and free for the family.

0:14:38.675,0:14:43.842
(Applause)

0:14:43.842,0:14:46.576
I put it to you, is this eliminating poverty?

0:14:46.576,0:14:49.931
And the answer from the Nepali team who is working

0:14:49.931,0:14:52.161
at the minute would say, don't be ridiculous,

0:14:52.161,0:14:54.457
we have three million more toilets to build

0:14:54.457,0:14:57.213
before we can even make a stab at that claim.

0:14:57.213,0:15:00.017
And I don't pretend anything else.

0:15:00.017,0:15:02.545
But as we all sit here today,

0:15:02.545,0:15:04.857
there are now over 100 toilets built

0:15:04.857,0:15:06.985
in this village and a couple nearby.

0:15:06.985,0:15:10.581
Well over 1,000 people use those toilets.

0:15:10.581,0:15:13.649
Yami Lama, he's a young boy.

0:15:13.649,0:15:16.556
He's got significantly less gut infection

0:15:16.556,0:15:17.997
because he's now got toilets,

0:15:17.997,0:15:21.741
and there isn't human waste on the ground.

0:15:21.741,0:15:25.381
Kanji Maya, she's a mother and a proud one.

0:15:25.381,0:15:29.581
She's probably right now cooking lunch for her family

0:15:29.581,0:15:32.364
on biogas, smokeless fuel.

0:15:32.364,0:15:34.676
Her lungs have got better, and they'll get better

0:15:34.676,0:15:37.652
as time increases, because she's not cooking in the same smoke.

0:15:37.652,0:15:40.418
Surya takes the waste out of the biogas chamber

0:15:40.418,0:15:43.168
when it's shed the gas, he puts it on his crops.

0:15:43.168,0:15:45.773
He's trebled his crop income,

0:15:45.773,0:15:49.020
more food for the family and more money for the family.

0:15:49.020,0:15:50.815
And finally Bishnu,

0:15:50.815,0:15:54.843
the leader of the team, has now understood

0:15:54.843,0:15:56.985
that not only have we built toilets,

0:15:56.985,0:15:59.161
we've also built a team,

0:15:59.161,0:16:01.817
and that team is now working in two villages

0:16:01.817,0:16:04.314
where they're training up the next two villages

0:16:04.314,0:16:06.168
to keep the work expanding.

0:16:06.168,0:16:07.817
And that, to me, is the key.

0:16:07.817,0:16:12.508
(Applause)

0:16:12.508,0:16:16.284
People are not the problem.

0:16:16.284,0:16:17.900
We've never found that.

0:16:17.900,0:16:19.978
The problem: poor living environment,

0:16:19.978,0:16:24.956
poor housing, and the bugs that do people harm.

0:16:24.956,0:16:27.991
None of those are limited by geography,

0:16:27.991,0:16:32.922
by skin color or by religion. None of them.

0:16:32.922,0:16:35.284
The common link between all the work we've had to do

0:16:35.284,0:16:39.055
is one thing, and that's poverty.

0:16:39.055,0:16:42.003
Nelson Mandela said, in the mid-2000s,

0:16:42.003,0:16:44.099
not too far from here, he said that

0:16:44.099,0:16:49.374
like slavery and Apartheid, "Poverty is not natural.

0:16:49.374,0:16:53.399
It's man-made and can be overcome and eradicated

0:16:53.399,0:16:56.536
by the actions of human beings."

0:16:56.536,0:17:00.058
I want to end by saying it's been the actions

0:17:00.058,0:17:03.947
of thousands of ordinary human beings

0:17:03.947,0:17:07.406
doing, I think, extraordinary work,

0:17:07.406,0:17:09.874
that have actually improved health,

0:17:09.874,0:17:13.194
and, maybe only in a small way, reduced poverty.

0:17:13.194,0:17:15.136
Thank you very much for your time.

0:17:15.136,0:17:20.136
(Applause)