Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome
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0:00 - 0:05[Intro piano music]
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0:05 - 0:08Imagine how beautiful it must have been, this square
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0:08 - 0:11with all these monumental arches covered in travertine
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0:11 - 0:16and all these statues and beautiful fountains spilling out water
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0:16 - 0:17reflecting the light on the travertine.
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0:17 - 0:19That we might think about this more like the way
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0:19 - 0:22we think today about Lincoln Center(exactly) --
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0:22 - 0:26with fountains in the middle and gleaming stone.
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0:26 - 0:27Should we start off by talking a little bit
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0:27 - 0:29about the structure and how it was built?
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0:29 - 0:32We have to imagine the Colosseum as a gigantic donut.
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0:32 - 0:34You have the inside as the arena.
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0:34 - 0:36Arena originally in Latin meant "sand".
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0:36 - 0:39On the floor where gladiators were fighting,
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0:39 - 0:43they used sand to absorb blood and body fluids.
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0:43 - 0:45You know, like a gigantic cat litter if you think about it.
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0:45 - 0:48So between different fight[s],
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0:48 - 0:51they could simply clean off very easily.
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0:51 - 0:54The original name of this building was not Colosseum.
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0:54 - 0:56Colosseum is a nickname given later.
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0:56 - 0:58Not because it was a colossal monument ,
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0:58 - 1:01but because it was located in the proximity of
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1:01 - 1:03a colossal statue -- originally of Nero--
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1:03 - 1:06that was part of the decoration of his house.
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1:06 - 1:11And so with time the nickname was given by this proximity.
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1:11 - 1:14The original name was actually Flavian Amphitheater.
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1:14 - 1:16And this is something very typical
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1:16 - 1:18even if you think about American monuments.
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1:18 - 1:19You have the Lincoln Center,
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1:19 - 1:21you have the Rockefeller Center.
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1:21 - 1:24They are connected with the name of the family that paid for the building.
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1:24 - 1:28The Flavian family paid for the building of the Colosseum.
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1:28 - 1:32Flavian Amphitheater is just a technical name for the shape.
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1:32 - 1:34It simply means in Greek "a double theater".
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1:34 - 1:37The original Greek theaters were actually semi-circles
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1:37 - 1:39with a flat end by the stage,
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1:39 - 1:41and so this is really just fitting those two together.
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1:41 - 1:43By using arches and concrete,
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1:43 - 1:46Romans were able to build an amphitheater
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1:46 - 1:50even a double theater with seats on a flat surface.
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1:50 - 1:53The engineering behind it is absolutely astonishing
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1:53 - 1:56considering that it was only built in ten years.
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1:56 - 2:00The Colosseum could hold between 50,000 and 80,000 people.
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2:00 - 2:05And if you look at the actual top part of each of the ground floor arches,
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2:05 - 2:06you see a roman number.
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2:06 - 2:09They are very dark and dilapidated. (Ah! I see!)
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2:09 - 2:10You can see a 23 (XXIII).
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2:10 - 2:12Then there is a 24 (XXIIII).
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2:12 - 2:13And then there is a 25 (XXV).
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2:13 - 2:14They are progressive.
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2:14 - 2:17And these numbers would have been written on the tickets given to the people.
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2:17 - 2:18It‘s like in a modern stadium --
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2:18 - 2:20you would have an assigned seat ...
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2:20 - 2:22A gate number. Also the seat.
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2:22 - 2:24Because it was extremely important for the Romans.
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2:24 - 2:26Even the seats were assigned according to their status.
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2:26 - 2:30So you had the most important people close to the arena
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2:30 - 2:34and the least important - being the women - on the top floor.
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2:34 - 2:37Here we actually see the style of the Colosseum.
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2:37 - 2:40So you have three stories of arches,
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2:40 - 2:43and then another story - a fourth floor with windows,
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2:43 - 2:46so it's closed with small windows inside.
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2:46 - 2:48And if you look at these arches,
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2:48 - 2:51the arches are framed by columns.
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2:51 - 2:53At the bottom part you have what is called Tuscan.
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2:53 - 2:54It's similar to Doric
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2:54 - 2:57but it's more a local - an Italic style.
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2:57 - 2:59It's even simpler than Doric it seems.
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2:59 - 3:00Yes, it's also the base.
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3:00 - 3:02I mean Doric columns do not have a base
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3:02 - 3:05while Tuscan columns do have a base.
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3:05 - 3:08And they not are fluted as well, right? No.
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3:08 - 3:12Then you go to the Ionic columns on the second story.
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3:12 - 3:13And the Ionic columns actually are...
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3:13 - 3:16they're considered the most feminine of the columns.
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3:16 - 3:18Because their proportions were more slender
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3:18 - 3:20and with these volutes on the top.
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3:20 - 3:22and the women sat higher as well...exact.
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3:22 - 3:24And the top floor you got the Corinthian.
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3:24 - 3:26They're based on the Acanthus plant -
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3:26 - 3:29it's indigenous in Rome, you can find it in many gardens.
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3:29 - 3:32It is very nice with green leaves.
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3:32 - 3:34And so it's an imitation of a piece of stone
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3:34 - 3:37covered with leaves of grass.
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3:37 - 3:40Inside of each of the arches on the second and third floor,
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3:40 - 3:41there would be a statue.
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3:41 - 3:44And on the top floor there would be
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3:44 - 3:49probably bronze shields on top alternating the windows.
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3:49 - 3:51Yeah, we imagine the Colosseum as a donut.
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3:51 - 3:56The outside circle was done with blocks of travertine.
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3:56 - 4:00The inside of the donut was done with a core of concrete.
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4:00 - 4:02Ancient Romans had really perfected concrete
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4:02 - 4:05and really were the first to use it as this structural material.
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4:05 - 4:08And that was critical for their ability to create structures of this size.
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4:08 - 4:11Also, something like the Pantheon.
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4:11 - 4:15The development of concrete was crucial for two main reasons.
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4:15 - 4:18The first one is if you work with cut stone:
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4:18 - 4:20marble, travertine, even tufa stone,
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4:20 - 4:22you need specialized workers
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4:22 - 4:24becuase you need to know how to cut the stone.
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4:24 - 4:25If you get it the wrong way,
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4:25 - 4:27the stone will crumble into your hand, right?
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4:27 - 4:32With concrete it makes it possible for not specialized workers
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4:32 - 4:34to produce something that's more sturdy.
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4:34 - 4:36At the same time it's less expensive. You know.
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4:36 - 4:39To quarry blocks of marble is not the cheapest.
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4:39 - 4:41Concrete could be assembled everywhere.
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4:41 - 4:47You just need a little mortar and a few pieces of stone to make aggregate and water.
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4:47 - 4:51So it's very easy but at the same time it's more elastic.
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4:51 - 4:55With concrete you get sort of elasticity and you can mold space.
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4:55 - 4:59Because it's something liquid and you can simply mold it the way you want.
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4:59 - 5:03And so the idea would be to take a wooden framework
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5:03 - 5:05that framed out the space that you wanted
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5:05 - 5:09and then to pour concrete into that wooden mold.
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5:09 - 5:13Exactly, and then it could be covered with decoration.
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5:13 - 5:17It could be bricks, stucco, whatever you want.
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5:17 - 5:20So it really allowed for far more monumental structures,
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5:20 - 5:24and that would be economically and physically feasible.
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5:24 - 5:26And less expensive and quick.
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5:26 - 5:29You know ten years to build the Colosseum is quite an accomplishment
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5:29 - 5:31because they used mostly concrete.
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5:31 - 5:34And also kind of thinking about architecture in a new way
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5:34 - 5:38in terms of shaping an interior space.
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5:38 - 5:39Particularly interiors.
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5:39 - 5:41Because if you look at Greek architecture,
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5:41 - 5:42you look at the temples,
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5:42 - 5:45the inside of the temples is quite narrow.
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5:45 - 5:50If you think the Pantheon, you just are in this amazing sphere.
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5:50 - 5:51And that's why they really invented it,
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5:51 - 5:54the idea of molding not the outside but the inside
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5:54 - 5:57to be able to produce a vault
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5:57 - 6:01that could permit to have a space free of standing columns
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6:01 - 6:03in the middle to support the roof.
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6:03 - 6:07Moving away from post and lintel architecture to an interior space
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6:07 - 6:11which really in a sense almost doubled the architecture vocabulary
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6:11 - 6:13and created an advancement over a system
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6:13 - 6:15that had existed for thousands of years.
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6:15 - 6:19Romans they employ concrete on such a scale
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6:19 - 6:21that permitted them to build wherever they wanted.
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6:21 - 6:24They were not forced by the space.
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6:24 - 6:26Greeks could not build a theater wherever they wanted.
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6:26 - 6:27They needed a slope.
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6:27 - 6:31So what if you were living in a city without slopes?
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6:31 - 6:32No theater for you, right?
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6:32 - 6:35Romans were able to creat a theater, an amphitheater,
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6:35 - 6:39or a circus, or a bath complex wherever they wanted.
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6:39 - 6:43It's true that Greeks seemed to use natural features in a more passive way
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6:43 - 6:47whereas the Romans seemed to shape the landscape much more aggressively.
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6:47 - 6:49You talked about the fact that there had been a lake here.
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6:49 - 6:51Let's drain the lake. We are putting a building here.
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6:51 - 6:55That is nature becomes in the service of man rather than vice versa.
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6:55 - 6:57That's actually a very good point.
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6:57 - 7:00The fact is that they wanted to be able to shape their space.
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7:00 - 7:02So the idea of urban planning,
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7:02 - 7:05you could build a city the way you wanted to
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7:05 - 7:08and not just be subject to the landscape that was there.
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7:08 - 7:11But I think that there is this really important way
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7:11 - 7:14in which the Romans were thinking of themselves --
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7:14 - 7:16as powers in the landscape, having that sort of dominance.
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7:16 - 7:19It seems to me that the Romans shaped in a way
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7:19 - 7:23that speaks of that notion of their own inherent strength.
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7:23 - 7:26What was different about the Roman society,
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7:26 - 7:27they were not racists in the sense
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7:27 - 7:29that they were looking at the color of your skin.
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7:29 - 7:30They didn't[could't]care less about that.
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7:30 - 7:33It was a multicultural society.
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7:33 - 7:35There were Romans from Africa,
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7:35 - 7:38Romans from Turkey, Romans from Germany.
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7:38 - 7:41What made it different was were you a citizen or not.
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7:41 - 7:44If you were not a citizen, you were nobody.
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7:44 - 7:49But if you were a citizen, the color of your skin was not important.
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7:49 - 7:52But there were fine distinctions even within citizenship.
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7:52 - 7:54Of course there were social classes.
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7:54 - 7:59One interesting aspect was that you could move along the social scale.
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7:59 - 8:02While for Greeks you could not even acquire citizenship.
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8:02 - 8:06It was extremely rare to obtain citizenship.
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8:06 - 8:10For the Romans even a slave could become first a free man,
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8:10 - 8:14and then his children would become full citizens for Rome.
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8:14 - 8:15It's like the America. If you think about America,
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8:15 - 8:19like the second generation immigrants as the same idea.
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8:19 - 8:21They realized that being able to move and
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8:21 - 8:25being able to sort of give people a chance in life
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8:25 - 8:27could make all the difference in the economy.
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8:27 - 8:34[Closing Piano Music]
- Title:
- Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome
- Description:
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Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome
Speakers: Valentina Follo (courtesy of Context Travel), Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker
Cover photo by Julia Avra UgoretzViews of the Colosseum were taken from the Rome Reborn model of ancient Rome with the permission of The Rome Reborn Project (www.romereborn.virginia.edu). The model is copyright 2004 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. This video illustrates the latest version of the model (2.1), which was created from January to May, 2010. It is available in higher resolution; for copies, please write to: http://bernard.d.frischer@gmail.com
Speakers: Valentina Follo (courtesy of Context Travel), Dr. Beth Harris, Dr. Steven Zucker
Cover photo by Julia Avra UgoretzViews of the Colosseum were taken from the Rome Reborn model of ancient Rome with the permission of The Rome Reborn Project (www.romereborn.virginia.edu). The model is copyright 2004 by The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. This video illustrates the latest version of the model (2.1), which was created from January to May, 2010. It is available in higher resolution; for copies, please write to: http://bernard.d.frischer@gmail.com
- Video Language:
- English
- Duration:
- 08:34
Sylvia Tang edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Sylvia Tang edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Alex Mou edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome | ||
Mike Ridgway edited English subtitles for Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), c. 70-80 C.E., Rome |