[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.10,0:00:05.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Intro piano music]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.01,0:00:07.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine how beautiful it must have been, this square
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.80,0:00:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all these monumental arches covered in travertine
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.80,0:00:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all these statues and beautiful fountains spilling out water
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.61,0:00:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflecting the light on the travertine.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.32,0:00:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That we might think about this more like the way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.46,0:00:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think today about Lincoln Center(exactly) --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.20,0:00:25.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with fountains in the middle and gleaming stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.73,0:00:27.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Should we start off by talking a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.29,0:00:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the structure and how it was built?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.44,0:00:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to imagine the Colosseum as a gigantic donut.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.85,0:00:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the inside as the arena.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.01,0:00:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arena originally in Latin meant "sand".
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.36,0:00:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the floor where gladiators were fighting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.18,0:00:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they used sand to absorb blood and body fluids.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.85,0:00:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, like a gigantic cat litter if you think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.42,0:00:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So between different fight[s],
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.84,0:00:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could simply clean off very easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.54,0:00:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The original name of this building was not Colosseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.92,0:00:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Colosseum is a nickname given later.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.32,0:00:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not because it was a colossal monument ,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.11,0:01:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it was located in the proximity of
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.64,0:01:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a colossal statue -- originally of Nero--
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.43,0:01:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was part of the decoration of his house.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.56,0:01:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so with time the nickname was given by this proximity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.55,0:01:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The original name was actually Flavian Amphitheater.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.05,0:01:15.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is something very typical
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.62,0:01:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if you think about American monuments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.71,0:01:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the Lincoln Center,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.04,0:01:20.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have the Rockefeller Center.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.53,0:01:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are connected with the name of the family that paid for the building.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.34,0:01:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Flavian family paid for the building of the Colosseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.50,0:01:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Flavian Amphitheater is just a technical name for the shape.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.03,0:01:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It simply means in Greek "a double theater".
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.24,0:01:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The original Greek theaters were actually semi-circles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.85,0:01:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a flat end by the stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.64,0:01:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so this is really just fitting those two together.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.67,0:01:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By using arches and concrete,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.83,0:01:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans were able to build an amphitheater
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.82,0:01:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even a double theater with seats on a flat surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.56,0:01:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The engineering behind it is absolutely astonishing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.40,0:01:56.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,considering that it was only built in ten years.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.03,0:02:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Colosseum could hold between 50,000 and 80,000 people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.24,0:02:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at the actual top part of each of the ground floor arches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.62,0:02:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you see a roman number.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.13,0:02:08.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are very dark and dilapidated. (Ah! I see!)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.81,0:02:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see a 23 (XXIII).
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.40,0:02:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there is a 24 (XXIIII).
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.55,0:02:12.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there is a 25 (XXV).
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.78,0:02:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are progressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.00,0:02:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these numbers would have been written on the tickets given to the people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.96,0:02:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It‘s like in a modern stadium --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.07,0:02:20.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you would have an assigned seat ...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.06,0:02:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A gate number. Also the seat.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.81,0:02:23.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it was extremely important for the Romans.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.97,0:02:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the seats were assigned according to their status.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.22,0:02:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you had the most important people close to the arena
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.82,0:02:33.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the least important - being the women - on the top floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.94,0:02:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we actually see the style of the Colosseum.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.66,0:02:39.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you have three stories of arches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.78,0:02:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then another story - a fourth floor with windows,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.27,0:02:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's closed with small windows inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.80,0:02:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at these arches,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.77,0:02:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the arches are framed by columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.56,0:02:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the bottom part you have what is called Tuscan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.94,0:02:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's similar to Doric
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.22,0:02:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's more a local - an Italic style.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.10,0:02:59.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's even simpler than Doric it seems.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.26,0:03:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, it's also the base.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.33,0:03:02.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean Doric columns do not have a base
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.15,0:03:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while Tuscan columns do have a base.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.27,0:03:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they not are fluted as well, right? No.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.57,0:03:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you go to the Ionic columns on the second story.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.51,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the Ionic columns actually are...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.38,0:03:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're considered the most feminine of the columns.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.84,0:03:18.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because their proportions were more slender
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.18,0:03:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with these volutes on the top.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.74,0:03:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the women sat higher as well...exact.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.90,0:03:24.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the top floor you got the Corinthian.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.45,0:03:26.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're based on the Acanthus plant -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.41,0:03:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's indigenous in Rome, you can find it in many gardens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.09,0:03:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is very nice with green leaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.54,0:03:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it's an imitation of a piece of stone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.38,0:03:36.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,covered with leaves of grass.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.65,0:03:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside of each of the arches on the second and third floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.86,0:03:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there would be a statue.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.27,0:03:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the top floor there would be
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.73,0:03:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably bronze shields on top alternating the windows.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.52,0:03:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, we imagine the Colosseum as a donut.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.27,0:03:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The outside circle was done with blocks of travertine.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.02,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The inside of the donut was done with a core of concrete.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.90,0:04:01.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ancient Romans had really perfected concrete
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.67,0:04:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really were the first to use it as this structural material.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.78,0:04:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was critical for their ability to create structures of this size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.16,0:04:10.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, something like the Pantheon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.74,0:04:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The development of concrete was crucial for two main reasons.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.56,0:04:17.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one is if you work with cut stone:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.51,0:04:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,marble, travertine, even tufa stone,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.94,0:04:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need specialized workers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.06,0:04:23.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becuase you need to know how to cut the stone.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.55,0:04:24.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you get it the wrong way,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.89,0:04:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the stone will crumble into your hand, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.14,0:04:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With concrete it makes it possible for not specialized workers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.52,0:04:33.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce something that's more sturdy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.93,0:04:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the same time it's less expensive. You know.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.26,0:04:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To quarry blocks of marble is not the cheapest.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.28,0:04:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concrete could be assembled everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.04,0:04:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just need a little mortar and a few pieces of stone to make aggregate and water.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.89,0:04:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's very easy but at the same time it's more elastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.63,0:04:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With concrete you get sort of elasticity and you can mold space.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.06,0:04:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it's something liquid and you can simply mold it the way you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.22,0:05:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the idea would be to take a wooden framework
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.58,0:05:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that framed out the space that you wanted
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.26,0:05:09.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then to pour concrete into that wooden mold.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.07,0:05:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Exactly, and then it could be covered with decoration.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.12,0:05:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be bricks, stucco, whatever you want.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.52,0:05:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it really allowed for far more monumental structures,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.71,0:05:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that would be economically and physically feasible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.81,0:05:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And less expensive and quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.77,0:05:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know ten years to build the Colosseum is quite an accomplishment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.70,0:05:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they used mostly concrete.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.35,0:05:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also kind of thinking about architecture in a new way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.36,0:05:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of shaping an interior space.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.36,0:05:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Particularly interiors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.47,0:05:41.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because if you look at Greek architecture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.25,0:05:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you look at the temples,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.30,0:05:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inside of the temples is quite narrow.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.95,0:05:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you think the Pantheon, you just are in this amazing sphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's why they really invented it,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.33,0:05:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the idea of molding not the outside but the inside
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.95,0:05:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to produce a vault
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.64,0:06:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could permit to have a space free of standing columns
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.66,0:06:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle to support the roof.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.11,0:06:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Moving away from post and lintel architecture to an interior space
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.18,0:06:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which really in a sense almost doubled the architecture vocabulary
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.56,0:06:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and created an advancement over a system
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.30,0:06:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had existed for thousands of years.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.99,0:06:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans they employ concrete on such a scale
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.59,0:06:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that permitted them to build wherever they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.41,0:06:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were not forced by the space.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.34,0:06:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greeks could not build a theater wherever they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.26,0:06:27.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They needed a slope.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.35,0:06:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what if you were living in a city without slopes?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.56,0:06:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No theater for you, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.38,0:06:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans were able to creat a theater, an amphitheater,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.85,0:06:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a circus, or a bath complex wherever they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.73,0:06:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's true that Greeks seemed to use natural features in a more passive way
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.31,0:06:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas the Romans seemed to shape the landscape much more aggressively.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.86,0:06:48.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You talked about the fact that there had been a lake here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.91,0:06:50.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's drain the lake. We are putting a building here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.75,0:06:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is nature becomes in the service of man rather than vice versa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.36,0:06:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually a very good point.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.87,0:06:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact is that they wanted to be able to shape their space.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.99,0:07:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the idea of urban planning,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.18,0:07:05.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could build a city the way you wanted to
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.10,0:07:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just be subject to the landscape that was there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.39,0:07:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think that there is this really important way
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.95,0:07:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the Romans were thinking of themselves --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.61,0:07:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as powers in the landscape, having that sort of dominance.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.31,0:07:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to me that the Romans shaped in a way
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.18,0:07:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that speaks of that notion of their own inherent strength.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.85,0:07:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was different about the Roman society,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.55,0:07:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were not racists in the sense
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.04,0:07:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were looking at the color of your skin.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.78,0:07:30.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't［could't］care less about that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.47,0:07:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a multicultural society.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.87,0:07:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were Romans from Africa,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.68,0:07:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Romans from Turkey, Romans from Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.84,0:07:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What made it different was were you a citizen or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.30,0:07:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were not a citizen, you were nobody.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.13,0:07:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you were a citizen, the color of your skin was not important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.82,0:07:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there were fine distinctions even within citizenship.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.06,0:07:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course there were social classes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.34,0:07:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One interesting aspect was that you could move along the social scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.58,0:08:02.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While for Greeks you could not even acquire citizenship.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.29,0:08:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was extremely rare to obtain citizenship.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.74,0:08:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the Romans even a slave could become first a free man,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.84,0:08:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then his children would become full citizens for Rome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.52,0:08:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like the America. If you think about America,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.46,0:08:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the second generation immigrants as the same idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.72,0:08:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They realized that being able to move and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.41,0:08:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being able to sort of give people a chance in life
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.72,0:08:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could make all the difference in the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.26,0:08:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Closing Piano Music]