A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think)
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0:01 - 0:03Scientific breakthrough,
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0:03 - 0:05the kind that can potentially save lives,
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0:05 - 0:07can sometimes be lying right out in the open
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0:07 - 0:09for us to discover,
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0:09 - 0:11in the evolved, accumulated body
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0:11 - 0:14of human anecdote, for example,
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0:14 - 0:16or in the time-tested adaptations
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0:16 - 0:19that we observe in the natural world around us.
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0:19 - 0:22Science starts with observation,
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0:22 - 0:25but the trick is to identify the patterns and signatures
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0:25 - 0:27that we might otherwise dismiss
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0:27 - 0:29as myth or coincidence,
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0:29 - 0:33isolate them, and test them with scientific rigor.
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0:33 - 0:37And when we do, the results will often surprise.
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0:37 - 0:39Western Australia has had a particular problem
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0:39 - 0:42with shark attacks over the last three years,
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0:42 - 0:44unfortunately and tragically culminating
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0:44 - 0:47in five fatal shark attacks in a 10-month period
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0:47 - 0:49during that time.
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0:49 - 0:51But Western Australia is not alone in this.
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0:51 - 0:54The incident of shark engagements on humans
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0:54 - 0:56is escalating worldwide.
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0:56 - 0:58And so it's not surprising, perhaps,
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0:58 - 1:00that in July of this year,
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1:00 - 1:02Shark Attack Mitigation Systems in collaboration
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1:02 - 1:05with the University of Western
Australia Oceans Institute -
1:05 - 1:08made an announcement which captured the attention
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1:08 - 1:10of the worldwide media and of ocean users
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1:10 - 1:12worldwide,
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1:12 - 1:14and that was around the development of technology
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1:14 - 1:17to mitigate or reduce the risk of shark attack
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1:17 - 1:20based on the science of what sharks can see.
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1:20 - 1:21And I have for you today
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1:21 - 1:23the story of that journey,
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1:23 - 1:26but also the notion that science can be
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1:26 - 1:28as powerful as a translator
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1:28 - 1:31as it can be for invention.
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1:31 - 1:33When we began this process,
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1:33 - 1:36we were looking, it was about three years ago,
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1:36 - 1:40and we'd just had the first two fatal shark attacks
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1:40 - 1:41in Western Australia,
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1:41 - 1:44and by chance, in a previous role,
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1:44 - 1:47I happened to be having dinner with Harry Butler.
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1:47 - 1:50Now Harry Butler, who most Australians
would know is a famous naturalist, -
1:50 - 1:53had spent a lot of time in the marine environment.
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1:53 - 1:55Harry Butler is a precursor, if you like,
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1:55 - 1:57to the late Steve Irwin.
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1:57 - 1:58When I asked him about
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1:58 - 2:01what the solution to the problem might be,
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2:01 - 2:03the answer was quite surprising.
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2:03 - 2:05He said, "Take a black wetsuit,
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2:05 - 2:07band it in yellow stripes like a bumblebee,
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2:07 - 2:10and you'll be mimicking the warning systems
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2:10 - 2:12of most marine species."
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2:12 - 2:14I didn't think about that much at the time,
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2:14 - 2:17and it wasn't until the next three
fatal shark attacks happened, -
2:17 - 2:19and it caused me to think,
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2:19 - 2:21maybe there's some merit to this idea.
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2:21 - 2:22And I turned to the web
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2:22 - 2:25to see if there might be some clues.
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2:25 - 2:27And it turns out the web is awash
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2:27 - 2:29with this sort of evidence that supports
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2:29 - 2:31this sort of thinking.
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2:31 - 2:33So biologically, there are plenty of species
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2:33 - 2:36that display banding or patterns, warning patterns,
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2:36 - 2:37to either be cryptical in the water
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2:37 - 2:40or warn against being attacked,
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2:40 - 2:42not the least of which is the pilot fish
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2:42 - 2:44which spends a big slab of its life
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2:44 - 2:46around the business end of a shark.
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2:46 - 2:49On the human side, Walter Starck, an oceanographer,
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2:49 - 2:52has been painting his wetsuit since the 1970s,
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2:52 - 2:54and anthropologically,
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2:54 - 2:58Pacific island tribes painted themselves in bands
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2:58 - 2:59in a sea snake ceremony
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2:59 - 3:02to ward off the shark god.
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3:02 - 3:03So what's going on here?
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3:03 - 3:06Is this an idea lying wide out in the open
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3:06 - 3:09for us to consider and define?
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3:09 - 3:14We know that sharks use a range of sensors
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3:14 - 3:17when they engage, particularly for attack,
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3:17 - 3:19but the sight sensor is the one that they use
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3:19 - 3:21to identify the target, and particularly
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3:21 - 3:24in the last number of meters before the attack.
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3:24 - 3:27It makes sense to pay attention
to the biological anecdote -
3:27 - 3:29because that's time-tested evolution
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3:29 - 3:32over many millennia.
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3:32 - 3:35But isn't human anecdote also an evolution of sorts,
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3:35 - 3:37the idea that there's a kernel of truth
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3:37 - 3:39thought to be important,
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3:39 - 3:42passed down from generation to generation,
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3:42 - 3:45so that it actually ends up shaping human behavior?
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3:45 - 3:47I wanted to test this idea.
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3:47 - 3:48I wanted to put some science
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3:48 - 3:50to this anecdotal evidence,
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3:50 - 3:52because if science could support this concept,
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3:52 - 3:54then we might have at least part of the solution
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3:54 - 3:57to shark attack right under our very nose.
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3:57 - 3:59To do that, I needed some experts
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3:59 - 4:01in shark vision and shark neurology,
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4:01 - 4:03and a worldwide search, again,
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4:03 - 4:04led to the University of W.A.
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4:04 - 4:07on the doorstep here, with the Oceans Institute.
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4:07 - 4:09And professor Nathan Hart and his team
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4:09 - 4:12had just written a paper which tells us,
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4:12 - 4:14confirms that predatory sharks see
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4:14 - 4:17in black and white, or grayscale.
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4:17 - 4:19So I called up Nathan,
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4:19 - 4:21a little bit sheepishly, actually, about this idea
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4:21 - 4:23that maybe we could use these patterns and shapes
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4:23 - 4:26to produce a wetsuit to try and
mitigate the risk of shark attack, -
4:26 - 4:28and fortunately, he thought that was a good idea.
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4:28 - 4:31So what ensued is a collaborative bit of research
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4:31 - 4:34supported by the West Australian State Government.
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4:34 - 4:36And we did three key things.
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4:36 - 4:39The first is that we mapped the characteristics,
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4:39 - 4:41the physical characteristics of the eyes
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4:41 - 4:43of the three main predatory sharks,
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4:43 - 4:46so the great white, tiger and bull shark.
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4:46 - 4:48We did that genetically
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4:48 - 4:51and we did that anatomically.
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4:51 - 4:53The next thing we did was to understand,
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4:53 - 4:54using complex computer modeling,
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4:54 - 4:56what that eye can see
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4:56 - 4:58at different depths, distances,
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4:58 - 5:02light conditions, and water clarity in the ocean.
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5:02 - 5:03And from there, we were able to pinpoint
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5:03 - 5:05two key characteristics:
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5:05 - 5:08what patterns and shapes would present the wearer
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5:08 - 5:12as hidden or hard to make out in the water, cryptic,
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5:12 - 5:13and what patterns and shapes might provide
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5:13 - 5:16the greatest contrast but provide the greatest
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5:16 - 5:17breakup of profile
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5:17 - 5:21so that that person wasn't confused for shark prey
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5:21 - 5:23or shark food.
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5:23 - 5:26The next thing we needed to do was to convert this
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5:26 - 5:28into wetsuits that people might actually wear,
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5:28 - 5:31and to that end, I invited Ray Smith,
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5:31 - 5:34a surfer, industrial designer, wetsuit designer,
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5:34 - 5:37and in fact the guy that designed
the original Quiksilver logo, -
5:37 - 5:39to come over and sit with the science team
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5:39 - 5:42and interpret that science
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5:42 - 5:46into aesthetic wetsuits that
people might actually wear. -
5:46 - 5:48And here's an example of one of the first drawings.
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5:48 - 5:51So this is what I call a "don't eat me" wetsuit.
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5:51 - 5:55So this takes that banding idea,
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5:55 - 5:58takes that banding idea, it's highly visible,
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5:58 - 6:00provides a highly disruptive profile,
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6:00 - 6:02and is intended to prevent the shark
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6:02 - 6:04from considering that you would be ordinary food,
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6:04 - 6:08and potentially even create confusion for the shark.
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6:08 - 6:12And this one's configured to go with a surfboard.
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6:12 - 6:14You can see that dark, opaque panel on the front,
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6:14 - 6:17and it's particularly better for the surface,
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6:17 - 6:20where being backlit and providing a silhouette
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6:20 - 6:21is problematic.
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6:21 - 6:24Second iteration is the cryptic wetsuit,
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6:24 - 6:26or the one which attempts to hide the wearer
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6:26 - 6:27in the water column.
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6:27 - 6:29There are three panels on this suit,
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6:29 - 6:31and in any given conditions,
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6:31 - 6:32one or more of those panels
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6:32 - 6:35will match the reflective spectra of the water
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6:35 - 6:37so as to disappear fully or partially,
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6:37 - 6:39leaving the last panel or panels
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6:39 - 6:42to create a disruptive profile in the water column.
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6:42 - 6:44And this one's particularly well-suited
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6:44 - 6:47to the dive configuration,
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6:47 - 6:50so when you're deeper under the water.
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6:50 - 6:52So we knew that we had
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6:52 - 6:53some really solid science here.
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6:53 - 6:55We knew, if you wanted to stand out,
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6:55 - 6:56you needed to look stripy,
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6:56 - 6:58and we knew if you wanted to be cryptic,
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6:58 - 6:59you needed to look like this.
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6:59 - 7:01But the acid test is always going to be,
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7:01 - 7:02how would sharks really behave
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7:02 - 7:05in the context of these patterns and shapes.
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7:05 - 7:08And testing to simulate a person in a wetsuit
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7:08 - 7:10in the water with a predatory shark
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7:10 - 7:11in a natural environment
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7:11 - 7:13is actually a lot harder than you might think.
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7:13 - 7:17(Laughter)
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7:17 - 7:19So we have to bait the rig,
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7:19 - 7:21because we need to get the statistical number
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7:21 - 7:24of samples through to get the scientific evidence,
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7:24 - 7:25and by baiting the rig,
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7:25 - 7:27we're obviously changing shark behavior.
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7:27 - 7:29We can't put humans in the water.
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7:29 - 7:31We're ethically precluded from even using
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7:31 - 7:34humanoid shapes and baiting them up in the water.
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7:34 - 7:36But nevertheless, we started the testing process
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7:36 - 7:38in January of this year,
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7:38 - 7:39initially with tiger sharks
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7:39 - 7:43and subsequently with great white sharks.
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7:43 - 7:44The way we did that
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7:44 - 7:49was to get a perforated drum which is full of bait,
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7:49 - 7:51wrap it in a neoprene skin,
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7:51 - 7:53and then run two stereo underwater cameras
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7:53 - 7:57to watch how the shark
actually engages with that rig. -
7:57 - 7:58And because we use stereo,
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7:58 - 8:01we can capture all the statistics
on how big the shark is, -
8:01 - 8:03what angle it comes in at, how quickly it leaves,
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8:03 - 8:05and what its behavior is
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8:05 - 8:08in an empirical rather than a subjective way.
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8:08 - 8:11Because we needed to
preserve the scientific method, -
8:11 - 8:13we ran a control rig
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8:13 - 8:16which was a black neoprene rig
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8:16 - 8:18just like a normal black wetsuit
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8:18 - 8:20against the, what we call,
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8:20 - 8:22SAMS technology rig.
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8:22 - 8:25And the results were not just exciting,
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8:25 - 8:26but very encouraging,
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8:26 - 8:29and today I would like to just give you a snapshot
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8:29 - 8:32of two of those engagements.
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8:32 - 8:34So here we've got a four-meter tiger shark
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8:34 - 8:37engaging the black control rig,
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8:37 - 8:39which it had encountered about
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8:39 - 8:43a minute and a half before.
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9:00 - 9:02Now that exact same shark had engaged,
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9:02 - 9:04or encountered this SAMS rig,
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9:04 - 9:06which is the Elude SAMS rig,
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9:06 - 9:07about eight minutes before,
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9:07 - 9:10and spent six minutes circling it, hunting for it,
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9:10 - 9:13looking for what it could
smell and sense but not see, -
9:13 - 9:15and this was the final engagement.
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9:18 - 9:21Great white sharks are more
confident than the tigers, -
9:21 - 9:23and here you see great white shark
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9:23 - 9:24engaging a control rig,
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9:24 - 9:26so a black neoprene wetsuit,
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9:26 - 9:28and going straight to the bottom,
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9:28 - 9:30coming up
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9:30 - 9:33and engaging.
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9:34 - 9:37In contrast to the SAMS technology rig,
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9:37 - 9:38this is the banded one,
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9:38 - 9:40where it's more tactile,
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9:40 - 9:42it's more investigative,
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9:42 - 9:43it's more apprehensive,
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9:43 - 9:47and shows a reluctance to come straight in and go.
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9:56 - 10:04(Applause)
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10:07 - 10:11So, it's important for us that all
the testing is done independently, -
10:11 - 10:13and the University of W.A. is doing the testing.
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10:13 - 10:15It'll be an ongoing process.
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10:15 - 10:17It's subject to peer review and subject to publication.
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10:17 - 10:20It's so important that this concept
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10:20 - 10:21is led with the science.
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10:21 - 10:24From the perspective of Shark
Attack Mitigation Systems, -
10:24 - 10:26we're a biotechnology licensing company,
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10:26 - 10:28so we don't make wetsuits ourselves.
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10:28 - 10:31We'll license others to do that.
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10:31 - 10:32But I thought you might be interested
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10:32 - 10:34in seeing what SAMS technology looks like
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10:34 - 10:37embedded in a wetsuit, and to that end,
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10:37 - 10:40for the first time, live, worldwide --
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10:40 - 10:42(Laughter) —
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10:42 - 10:45I can show you what biological adaptation,
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10:45 - 10:48science and design looks like in real life.
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10:48 - 10:50So I can welcome Sam, the surfer,
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10:50 - 10:53from this side. Where are you, Sam?
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10:53 - 10:55(Applause)
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10:55 - 10:56And Eduardo.
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10:56 - 10:58(Applause)
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10:58 - 11:01Cheers, mate.
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11:01 - 11:03Cheers.
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11:03 - 11:08Thanks, gentlemen. (Applause)
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11:10 - 11:11So what have we done here?
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11:11 - 11:14Well, to my mind, rather than take a blank sheet
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11:14 - 11:17and use science as a tool for invention,
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11:17 - 11:20we've paid attention to the biological evidence,
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11:20 - 11:22we've put importance to the
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11:22 - 11:24human anecdotal evidence,
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11:24 - 11:27and we've used science as a tool
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11:27 - 11:28for translation,
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11:28 - 11:30translation of something that was already there
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11:30 - 11:34into something that we can
use for the benefit of mankind. -
11:34 - 11:36And it strikes me that this idea of science
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11:36 - 11:39as a tool for translation rather than invention
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11:39 - 11:41is one that we can apply much more widely than this
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11:41 - 11:43in the pursuit of innovation.
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11:43 - 11:46After all, did the Wright brothers
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11:46 - 11:48discover manned flight,
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11:48 - 11:51or did they observe the biological fact of flight
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11:51 - 11:54and translate that mechanically, replicate it
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11:54 - 11:57in a way that humans could use?
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11:57 - 11:58As for the humble wetsuit,
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11:58 - 12:00who knows what oceanwear will look like
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12:00 - 12:03in two years' time, in five years' time
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12:03 - 12:06or in 50 years' time, but with this new thinking,
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12:06 - 12:07I'm guessing there's a fair chance
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12:07 - 12:09it won't be pure black.
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12:09 - 12:11Thank you.
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12:11 - 12:15(Applause)
- Title:
- A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think)
- Speaker:
- Hamish Jolly
- Description:
-
Hamish Jolly, an ocean swimmer in Australia, wanted a wetsuit that would deter a curious shark from mistaking him for a potential source of nourishment. (Which, statistically, is rare, but certainly a fate worth avoiding.) Working with a team of scientists, he and his friends came up with a fresh approach — not a shark cage, not a suit of chain-mail, but a sleek suit that taps our growing understanding of shark vision.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:32
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Madeleine Aronson accepted English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for A shark-deterrent wetsuit (and it's not what you think) |