-
Not Synced
There's something about caves.
-
Not Synced
A shadowy opening in a limestone cliff
that draws you in.
-
Not Synced
As you pass through the portal
between light and dark,
-
Not Synced
you enter a subterranean world.
-
Not Synced
A place of perpetual gloom,
-
Not Synced
a place of earthy smells,
of hushed silence.
-
Not Synced
Long ago in Europe,
-
Not Synced
ancient people also entered
these underground worlds.
-
Not Synced
As witness to their passage,
-
Not Synced
they left behind mysterious
engravings and paintings.
-
Not Synced
Like this panel of humans, triangles
and zig-zags from Ojo Guareña in Spain.
-
Not Synced
You now walk the same path
as these early artists.
-
Not Synced
And in this surreal, other-worldly place,
-
Not Synced
it's almost possible to imagine
-
Not Synced
that you hear the muffled foot-fall
of skin boots on soft earth,
-
Not Synced
or you see flickering of a torch
around the next bend.
-
Not Synced
When I'm in a cave,
-
Not Synced
I often find myself wondering,
what drove these people to go so deep?
-
Not Synced
to brave dangerous and narrow
passageways to leave their mark?
-
Not Synced
In this video clip,
-
Not Synced
that was shot half a kilometer,
or about a third of a mile underground,
-
Not Synced
in the cave of Curon in Spain,
-
Not Synced
we found a series
of red paintings on a ceiling
-
Not Synced
in a previously unexplored
section of the cave.
-
Not Synced
As we crawled forward, military-style,
with the ceiling getting ever-lower,
-
Not Synced
we finally got to a point
where the ceiling was so low,
-
Not Synced
that my husband and project
photographer, Dylan,
-
Not Synced
could no longer achieve focus
on the ceiling with his DSLR camera.
-
Not Synced
So while he filmed me,
-
Not Synced
I kept following the trail of red paint
with a single light,
-
Not Synced
and a point-and-shoot camera
that we kept for that type of occasion.
-
Not Synced
Half a kilometer underground.
-
Not Synced
Seriously.
-
Not Synced
What was somebody doing down there
with a torturous stone lamp?
-
Not Synced
(Laugher)
-
Not Synced
I mean --me, it makes sense, right?
-
Not Synced
But you know,
-
Not Synced
this is the kind of question that
I'm trying to answer with my research.
-
Not Synced
I study some of
the oldest art in the world.
-
Not Synced
It was created by these
early artists in Europe,
-
Not Synced
between 10 thousand
and 40 thousand years ago.
-
Not Synced
And the thing is,
-
Not Synced
is that I'm not just studying it
because it's beautiful,
-
Not Synced
though some of it certainly is.
-
Not Synced
But what I'm interested in
is the development of the modern mind,
-
Not Synced
of the evolution of creativity,
of imagination, of abstract thought.
-
Not Synced
About what it means to be human.
-
Not Synced
While all species communicate
in one way or another,
-
Not Synced
only we humans have really taken it
to another level.
-
Not Synced
Our desire and ability
to share and collaborate,
-
Not Synced
has been a huge part of out success story.
-
Not Synced
Our modern world is based on a global
network of information exchange.
-
Not Synced
Made possible, in large part,
by our ability to communicate.
-
Not Synced
In particular, using graphic
or written forms of communication.
-
Not Synced
The thing is though,
-
Not Synced
that we've been building
on the mental achievements
-
Not Synced
of those that came before us for so long,
-
Not Synced
that it's easy to forget that certain
abilities haven't already existed.
-
Not Synced
It's one of the things
I find most fascinating
-
Not Synced
about studying our deep history.
-
Not Synced
Those people didn't have the shoulders
of any giants to stand on,
-
Not Synced
they were the original shoulders.
-
Not Synced
And while a surprising number
of important inventions
-
Not Synced
come out of that distant time,
-
Not Synced
what I want to talk to you about today
is the invention of graphic communication.
-
Not Synced
There are three
main types of communication,
-
Not Synced
spoken, gestural --
so things like sign language,
-
Not Synced
and graphic communication.
-
Not Synced
Spoken and gestural are,
by their very nature, ephemeral.
-
Not Synced
It requires close contact for a message
to be sent and received.
-
Not Synced
And after the moment of transmission,
it's gone forever.
-
Not Synced
Graphic communication, on the other hand,
decouples that relationship,
-
Not Synced
and with its invention, it became possible
for the first time,
-
Not Synced
for a message to be
transmitted and preserved,
-
Not Synced
beyond a single moment in place and time.
-
Not Synced
Europe is one of the first places
-
Not Synced
that we start to see graphic marks
regularly appearing
-
Not Synced
in caves, rock shelters, and even
a few surviving open air sites.
-
Not Synced
But this is not the Europe we know today.
-
Not Synced
This was a world dominated
by towering ice sheets
-
Not Synced
by towering ice sheets, three to four
kilometers high,
-
Not Synced
with sweeping grass plains
and frozen tundra.
-
Not Synced
This was the Ice Age.
-
Not Synced
Over the last century,
-
Not Synced
more than 350 Ice Age rock art sites
have been found across the continent.
-
Not Synced
Decorated with animals, abstract shapes,
and even the occasional human.
-
Not Synced
Like these engraved figures
from Grotta dell'Addaura in Sicily.
-
Not Synced
They provide us with a rare glimpse
into the creative world
-
Not Synced
into the creative world and imagination
of these early artists.
-
Not Synced
Since their discovery,
-
Not Synced
it's been the animals that have received
the majority of the study.
-
Not Synced
Like this black horse from
, Spain.
-
Not Synced
Or this unusual purple bison
from La Pasiega.
-
Not Synced
But for me, it was the abstract shapes,
what we call geometric signs,
-
Not Synced
that drew me to study the art.
-
Not Synced
The funny this is, that at most sights,
-
Not Synced
the geometric signs far outnumber
the animal and human images.
-
Not Synced
But when I started on this back in 2007,
-
Not Synced
there wasn't even a definitive list
of how many shapes there were,
-
Not Synced
nor was there a strong sense
-
Not Synced
of whether the same ones appeared
across space or time.
-
Not Synced
Before I could even
get started on my questions,
-
Not Synced
my first step was to compile a database
-
Not Synced
of all known geographic signs
from all of the rock art sites.
-
Not Synced
The problem was that while they were
well documented at some sights,
-
Not Synced
usually the ones
with the very nice animals,
-
Not Synced
there was also a large number of them
where it was very vague --
-
Not Synced
there wasn't a lot
of description or detail.
-
Not Synced
Some of them hadn't been visited
in half a century, or more.
-
Not Synced
These were the ones
that I targeted for my field work.
-
Not Synced
Over the course of two years,
-
Not Synced
my faithful husband Dylan and I
each spent over 300 hours underground,
-
Not Synced
hiking, crawling and wriggling
around 52 sites
-
Not Synced
in France, Spain, Portugal and Sicily.
-
Not Synced
And it was totally worth it.
-
Not Synced
We found new, undocumented geometric signs
at 75 percent of the sites we visited.
-
Not Synced
This is the level of accuracy
I knew I was going to need
-
Not Synced
if I wanted to start answering
those larger questions.
-
Not Synced
So let's get to those answers.
-
Not Synced
Barring a handful of outliers,
there are only 32 geometric signs.
-
Not Synced
Only 32 signs across
a 30 thousand year time span,
-
Not Synced
and the entire continent of Europe.
-
Not Synced
That is a very small number.
-
Not Synced
Now if these were random
doodles or decorations,
-
Not Synced
we would expect to see
a lot more variation,
-
Not Synced
but instead what we find
are the same signs,
-
Not Synced
repeating across both space and time.
-
Not Synced
Some signs start out strong,
before losing popularity and vanishing,
-
Not Synced
while other signs are later inventions.
-
Not Synced
But 65 percent of those signs stayed
in use during that entire time period.
-
Not Synced
Thigns like lines, rectangles, trianagles,
ovals and circles.
-
Not Synced
Like we see here
from the end of the Ice Age
-
Not Synced
at a 10 thousand-year-old site,
high in Pyrenees Mountains.
-
Not Synced
And while certain signs span
thousands of kilometers,
-
Not Synced
other signs had restricted
distribution patterns,
-
Not Synced
with some being limited
to a single territory,
-
Not Synced
like we see here with these
divided rectangles
-
Not Synced
that are only found in northern Spain,
-
Not Synced
and what some researchers have speculated
-
Not Synced
could be some sort
of family or clan signs.
-
Not Synced
On a side note,
-
Not Synced
there is surprising degree similarity
in the earliest rock art
-
Not Synced
found all the way from France and Spain
to Indonesia and Australia.
-
Not Synced
With many of the same signs
appearing in such far-flung places,
-
Not Synced
especially in the 30 thousand
to 40 thousand-year range,
-
Not Synced
it's starting to seem increasingly likely
-
Not Synced
that this convention actually traces back
to a common point of origin in Africa,
-
Not Synced
but that I'm afraid, is a subject
for a future talk.
-
Not Synced
So back to the matter at hand.
-
Not Synced
There could be no doubt that these signs
were meaningful to their creators,
-
Not Synced
like these 25 thousand-year-old
___________ sculptures
-
Not Synced
from La Roque de Venasque in France.
-
Not Synced
We might not know what they meant
but the people of the time certainly did.
-
Not Synced
The repetition of the same signs,
for so long, and at so many sites,
-
Not Synced
tells us that the artists
were making intentional choices,
-
Not Synced
If we're talking about geometric shapes,
-
Not Synced
with specific, culturally recognized,
agreed upon meanings,
-
Not Synced
than we could very well be looking
-
Not Synced
at one of the oldest systems of graphic
communication in the world.
-
Not Synced
I'm not talking about writing yet.
-
Not Synced
There's just not enough
characters at this point,
-
Not Synced
to have represented all of the words
in the spoken language,
-
Not Synced
something which is a requirement
for a full writing system.
-
Not Synced
Nor do we see the signs
repeating regularly enough
-
Not Synced
to suggest that they were
some sort of alphabet.
-
Not Synced
But what we do have
are some intriguing one-offs
-
Not Synced
like this panel from La Pasiega in Spain
known as "The Inscription",
-
Not Synced
with its symmetrical markings on the left,
-
Not Synced
possible stylized representations
of hands in the middle,
-
Not Synced
and what looks a bit like
a bracket on the right.
-
Not Synced
The oldest systems of graphic
communication in the world --
-
Not Synced
Sumerian cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs,
the earliest Chinese script,
-
Not Synced
all emerged between four thousand
and five thousand years ago,
-
Not Synced
with each coming into existence
from an earlier protosystem
-
Not Synced
made of counting marks
and pictographic representations,
-
Not Synced
where the meaning
and the image were the same.
-
Not Synced
So a picture of a bird would really have
represented that animal.
-
Not Synced
It's only later that we start to see
these pictographs become more stylized,
-
Not Synced
until they almost become unrecognizable.
-
Not Synced
And that we also start to see
-
Not Synced
more symbols being invented to represent
all those missing words in the language --
-
Not Synced
things like pronouns, adverbs, adjectives.
-
Not Synced
So knowing all this,
-
Not Synced
it seems highly unlikely the geometrics
signs from Ice Age Europe
-
Not Synced
were truly abstract written characters.
-
Not Synced
Instead what's much more likely
-
Not Synced
is that these early artists
were also making counting marks,
-
Not Synced
maybe like this row lines
from Reparo de Za Minica in Sicily,
-
Not Synced
as well as creating stylized
representations
-
Not Synced
of things from the world around them.
-
Not Synced
Could some of the signs
be weaponry or housing?
-
Not Synced
Or what about celestial objects
like star constellations?
-
Not Synced
Or maybe even rivers, mountains,
trees-- landscape features.
-
Not Synced
Possibly like this black peniform
surrounded by strange bell-shaped signs
-
Not Synced
from the site of El Castillo, in Spain.
-
Not Synced
The term peniform means
"feather-shaped" in Latin,
-
Not Synced
but could this actually be
a depiction of a plant or a tree?
-
Not Synced
Some researchers have begun
-
Not Synced
to ask these questions
about certain signs at specific sites,
-
Not Synced
but I believe the time has come
to revisit this category as a whole.
-
Not Synced
The irony in all of this, of course,
-
Not Synced
is that having just carefully classified
all the signs into a single category,
-
Not Synced
I have a feeling that my next step
will involve breaking it back apart
-
Not Synced
as different types of imagery
are identified and separated off.
-
Not Synced
Now don't get me wrong,
-
Not Synced
the later creation
of fully-developed writing
-
Not Synced
was an impressive feat in its own right,
-
Not Synced
but it's important to remember
-
Not Synced
that those early writing systems
didn't come out of a vacuum.
-
Not Synced
And that even five thousand years ago,
-
Not Synced
people were already building
on something much older,
-
Not Synced
with its origins stretching back
tens of thousands of years --
-
Not Synced
to the geometric signs
of Ice Age Europe and far beyond,
-
Not Synced
to that point, deep in our
collective history,
-
Not Synced
when someone first came up with the idea
of making a graphic mark,
-
Not Synced
and forever changed the nature
of how we communicate.
-
Not Synced
Thank you.
-
Not Synced
(Applause)
Emi Kamiya
Corrections:
5:11 - 5:14
The funny this is that at most sites --> The funny "thing" is that
8:39 - 8:41
than we could very well be looking --> "then"
10:13 - 10:17
maybe like this row of lines
from Riparo di Za Minic in Sicily, --> "Za Minica"
http://www.mammasicily.com/za-minica-cave.html
Thanks!