-
Not Synced
The first patient to be treated with an antibiotic
-
Not Synced
was a policeman from Oxford.
-
Not Synced
On his day off from work,
-
Not Synced
he was scratched by a rose thorn
while working in the garden
-
Not Synced
That small scratch became infected.
-
Not Synced
Over the next few days, his head was swollen
-
Not Synced
with abscesses,
-
Not Synced
and in fact his eye was so infected
-
Not Synced
that they had to take it out,
-
Not Synced
and by February of 1941,
-
Not Synced
this poor man was on the verge of dying.
-
Not Synced
He was at Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford,
-
Not Synced
and fortunately for him,
-
Not Synced
a small team of doctors
-
Not Synced
led by a Dr. Howard Florey
-
Not Synced
had managed to synthesize
-
Not Synced
a very small amount of penicillin,
-
Not Synced
a drug that had been discovered
-
Not Synced
12 years before by Alexander Fleming
-
Not Synced
but had never actually been used to treat a human,
-
Not Synced
and indeed no one even knew if the drug would work,
-
Not Synced
if it was full of impurities that would kill the patient,
-
Not Synced
but Florey and his team figured
-
Not Synced
if they had to use it, they might as well use it
-
Not Synced
on someone who was going to die anyway.
-
Not Synced
So they gave Albert Alexander,
-
Not Synced
this Oxford policeman, the drug,
-
Not Synced
and within 24 hours,
-
Not Synced
he started getting better.
-
Not Synced
His fever went down, his appetite came back.
-
Not Synced
Secondly, he was doing much better.
-
Not Synced
He was starting to run out of penicillin,
-
Not Synced
so what they would do was run with his urine
-
Not Synced
across the road to re-synthesize the penicillin
-
Not Synced
from his urine and give it back to him,
-
Not Synced
and that worked.
-
Not Synced
Day four, well on the way to recovery.
-
Not Synced
This was a miracle.
-
Not Synced
Day five, they ran out of penicillin,
-
Not Synced
and the poor man died.
-
Not Synced
So that story didn't end that well,
-
Not Synced
but fortunately for millions of other people
-
Not Synced
like this child who was treated again
-
Not Synced
in the early 1940s,
-
Not Synced
who was again dying of abscesses,
-
Not Synced
and within just six days, you can see,
-
Not Synced
recovered thanks to this wonder drug penicillin.
-
Not Synced
Millions have lived,
-
Not Synced
and global health has been transformed.
-
Not Synced
Now, antibiotics have been used
-
Not Synced
for patients like this,
-
Not Synced
but they've also been used rather frivolously
-
Not Synced
in some instances
-
Not Synced
for treating someone with just a cold or the flu
-
Not Synced
which they might not have responded to an antibiotic,
-
Not Synced
and they've also been used in large quantities
-
Not Synced
sub-therapeutically, which
means in small concentrations,
-
Not Synced
to make chicken and hogs grow faster.
-
Not Synced
Just to save a few pennies on the price of meat,
-
Not Synced
we've spent a lot of antibiotics on animals,
-
Not Synced
not for treatment, not for sick animals,
-
Not Synced
but primarily for growth promotion.
-
Not Synced
Now, what did that lead us to?
-
Not Synced
Basically, the massive use of antibiotics
-
Not Synced
around the world