Should you trust unanimous decisions? - Derek Abbott
-
0:07 - 0:10Imagine a police lineup
where ten witnesses -
0:10 - 0:16are asked to identify a bank robber
they glimpsed fleeing the crime scene. -
0:16 - 0:18If six of them pick out the same person,
-
0:18 - 0:21there's a good chance
that's the real culprit, -
0:21 - 0:23and if all ten make the same choice,
-
0:23 - 0:25you might think the case is rock solid,
-
0:25 - 0:27but you'd be wrong.
-
0:27 - 0:30For most of us,
this sounds pretty strange. -
0:30 - 0:35After all, much of our society
relies on majority vote and consensus, -
0:35 - 0:36whether it's politics,
-
0:36 - 0:37business,
-
0:37 - 0:38or entertainment.
-
0:38 - 0:42So it's natural to think
that more consensus is a good thing. -
0:42 - 0:45And up until a certain point,
it usually is. -
0:45 - 0:49But sometimes, the closer you start to get
to total agreement, -
0:49 - 0:53the less reliable the result becomes.
-
0:53 - 0:56This is called the paradox of unanimity.
-
0:56 - 0:58The key to understanding
this apparent paradox -
0:58 - 1:02is in considering the overall level
of uncertainty -
1:02 - 1:06involved in the type of situation
you're dealing with. -
1:06 - 1:10If we asked witnesses to identify
the apple in this lineup, for example, -
1:10 - 1:13we shouldn't be surprised
by a unanimous verdict. -
1:13 - 1:18But in cases where we have
reason to expect some natural variance, -
1:18 - 1:21we should also expect varied distribution.
-
1:21 - 1:23If you toss a coin one hundred times,
-
1:23 - 1:28you would expect to get heads
somewhere around 50% of the time. -
1:28 - 1:32But if your results started
to approach 100% heads, -
1:32 - 1:34you'd suspect that something was wrong,
-
1:34 - 1:36not with your individual flips,
-
1:36 - 1:39but with the coin itself.
-
1:39 - 1:44Of course, suspect identifications aren't
as random as coin tosses, -
1:44 - 1:48but they're not as clear cut
as telling apples from bananas, either. -
1:48 - 1:54In fact, a 1994 study found
that up to 48% of witnesses -
1:54 - 1:57tend to pick the wrong
person out of a lineup, -
1:57 - 2:00even when many
are confident in their choice. -
2:00 - 2:04Memory based on short glimpses
can be unreliable, -
2:04 - 2:07and we often overestimate
our own accuracy. -
2:07 - 2:08Knowing all this,
-
2:08 - 2:12a unanimous identification starts to seem
less like certain guilt, -
2:12 - 2:15and more like a systemic error,
-
2:15 - 2:17or bias in the lineup.
-
2:17 - 2:21And systemic errors don't just appear
in matters of human judgement. -
2:21 - 2:23From 1993-2008,
-
2:23 - 2:29the same female DNA was found
in multiple crime scenes around Europe, -
2:29 - 2:34incriminating an elusive killer
dubbed the Phantom of Heilbronn. -
2:34 - 2:40But the DNA evidence was so consistent
precisely because it was wrong. -
2:40 - 2:44It turned out that the cotton swabs
used to collect the DNA samples -
2:44 - 2:50had all been accidentally contaminated
by a woman working in the swab factory. -
2:50 - 2:54In other cases, systematic errors arise
through deliberate fraud, -
2:54 - 2:59like the presidential referendum held
by Saddam Hussein in 2002, -
2:59 - 3:06which claimed a turnout of 100% of voters
with all 100% supposedly voting in favor -
3:06 - 3:09of another seven-year term.
-
3:09 - 3:11When you look at it this way,
-
3:11 - 3:15the paradox of unanimity isn't actually
all that paradoxical. -
3:15 - 3:18Unanimous agreement
is still theoretically ideal, -
3:18 - 3:24especially in cases when you'd expect very
low odds of variability and uncertainty, -
3:24 - 3:25but in practice,
-
3:25 - 3:29achieving it in situations where
perfect agreement is highly unlikely -
3:29 - 3:34should tell us that there's probably
some hidden factor affecting the system. -
3:34 - 3:37Although we may strive for harmony
and consensus, -
3:37 - 3:42in many situations, error and disagreement
should be naturally expected. -
3:42 - 3:45And if a perfect result seems too good
to be true, -
3:45 - 3:46it probably is.
- Title:
- Should you trust unanimous decisions? - Derek Abbott
- Speaker:
- Derek Abbott
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/should-you-trust-unanimous-decisions-derek-abbott
Imagine a police lineup where ten witnesses are asked to identify a bank robber they glimpsed fleeing the scene. If six of them pick the same person, there’s a good chance that’s the culprit. And if all ten do, you might think the case is rock solid. But sometimes, the closer you start to get to total agreement, the less reliable the result becomes. Derek Abbott explains the paradox of unanimity.
Lesson by Derek Abbott, animation by Brett Underhill.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:03
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