People are conformists by nature | Vasily Klucharev | TEDxSadovoeRing
-
0:06 - 0:10(Applause)
-
0:11 - 0:15I would like to start our talk,
-
0:15 - 0:16our discussion,
-
0:16 - 0:19with the film based
on Alberto Moravia's novel -
0:19 - 0:22“Il conformista” 1951 / “Conformist”.
-
0:22 - 0:24Bernardo Bertolucci created
a wonderful, touching, -
0:24 - 0:28interesting story of the conflict,
personal conflict -
0:28 - 0:32between the main character
Marcello Clerici and the state. -
0:32 - 0:34As a result of this conflict,
the main character -
0:34 - 0:37lost his loved one.
-
0:37 - 0:40Many of us in this room
-
0:40 - 0:45are ready to confront the state,
the opinion of others or the crowd. -
0:45 - 0:48Actually, in our laboratory,
we are trying -
0:48 - 0:53to understand why we are strongly
inclined to be conformists, -
0:53 - 0:57how much we can understand the hidden
the cerebral mechanisms of conformism. -
0:57 - 0:59While preparing our talk,
-
0:59 - 1:03I tried to find out where
my interest in this subject stemmed from. -
1:03 - 1:06I remembered a few interesting facts.
-
1:06 - 1:08I have made my dissertation
-
1:08 - 1:10under the supervision
of Natalia Behtereva -- -
1:10 - 1:14granddaughter of the great Russian
physiologist and psychiatrist -
1:14 - 1:15Vladimir Bekhterev.
-
1:15 - 1:18Vladimir Bekhterev’s interest
was in social influence. -
1:18 - 1:19If you look at this book
-
1:19 - 1:26“Suggestion and its role
in public life”, -
1:26 - 1:28you will find a number
of very interesting chapters. -
1:28 - 1:31For example, the chapter
on clonic effects, -
1:31 - 1:34epidemics of witchcraft and demonomania.
-
1:34 - 1:37Incredibly interesting stories
-
1:37 - 1:41about how epidemics
of religious ecstasies and convulsions -
1:41 - 1:44spread with incredible speed
in groups of people. -
1:44 - 1:47Actually, Behterev’s curiosity,
-
1:47 - 1:50went on to his granddaughter,
and then to me as her student. -
1:50 - 1:52At that time I was studying brain
-
1:52 - 1:55and we absolutely did not
understand how we can study -
1:55 - 1:58“Neurobiology of social influence”.
-
1:59 - 2:00Many of you are familiar
-
2:00 - 2:02with the excellent research
in social psychology. -
2:02 - 2:05As a post-graduate student,
I became increasingly interested -
2:05 - 2:06in social psychology.
-
2:06 - 2:09With excitement, I read books
by social psychologists, -
2:09 - 2:11the books of Cialdini, Zimbardo, Arnsen.
-
2:11 - 2:14I read all these
fantastic experiments which show -
2:14 - 2:16how people are influencing us.
-
2:16 - 2:19I read and, frankly, realized that
-
2:19 - 2:23as a neuroscientist,
I will never learn it, never... -
2:23 - 2:26Many of you might remember
wonderful experiments of Solomon Asch. -
2:26 - 2:30He asked his subjects
to do a very simple task. -
2:30 - 2:32They saw on a screen
-
2:32 - 2:34three lines
“А”, “В” and “С”. -
2:34 - 2:35And the question was very simple:
-
2:35 - 2:39which of these lines
has the same length as line “X”? -
2:39 - 2:41The answer is obvious:
-
2:41 - 2:43line “B” is equal to line “X”.
-
2:43 - 2:45But imagine for a minute
that in a room, -
2:45 - 2:47there are 6 decoy subjects besides you
-
2:47 - 2:49and all of them are giving a wrong answer.
-
2:49 - 2:52Solomon Asch showed
that in this situation, -
2:52 - 2:55less than a third of people
give the correct answer, -
2:55 - 2:58the rest will show conformism,
-
2:58 - 3:02they'll give the wrong answer,
just not to be different from others. -
3:02 - 3:06Social psychology through hundreds
of great experiments showed -
3:06 - 3:08the power of the people around you,
the power of the crowd. -
3:08 - 3:10We are afraid to be different,
-
3:10 - 3:12we change our opinion
to follow the crowd. -
3:12 - 3:14For example,
social psychology revealed that -
3:14 - 3:17it is the behavior of others,
not our own opinion, -
3:17 - 3:21that determines the amount
of adultery, crime, -
3:21 - 3:25amount of dishonest taxpayers.
-
3:25 - 3:29Social influence and the behavior
of others determine our behavior. -
3:29 - 3:33But I was a neurophysiologist,
I knew that -
3:33 - 3:36I would never explore
all these interesting processes. -
3:36 - 3:40In my academic career,
along my academic path, -
3:40 - 3:43the change happened very unexpectedly.
-
3:43 - 3:45I understood that I would have
no chance to study -
3:45 - 3:47all the processes of social influence,
-
3:47 - 3:48when we realize with horror
-
3:48 - 3:51how our opinion differs from
the opinion of the majority. -
3:51 - 3:53But one day,
-
3:53 - 3:57when I was
on an internship in Helsinki, -
3:57 - 3:59in a university, I parked my car
-
3:59 - 4:01near this building.
-
4:01 - 4:03The building was created
-
4:03 - 4:05by a magnificent Scandinavian architect
-
4:05 - 4:06Alvar Aalto.
-
4:06 - 4:09I stopped my car
and leaned towards the radio receiver. -
4:09 - 4:12Somebody was talking
about a new science, -
4:12 - 4:14about neuroeconomics.
-
4:14 - 4:17The new discipline appeared
at that very moment -
4:17 - 4:21as economists and neuroscientists
discovered each other. -
4:21 - 4:23It turned out that
for hundreds of years, -
4:23 - 4:26economists and neuroscientists
had been studying the same thing. -
4:26 - 4:29They studied decision-making process.
-
4:29 - 4:32The economists were interested
in exploring complex solutions: -
4:32 - 4:35why we pay this amount of money
for these goods and not a different one, -
4:35 - 4:38why we invest money
or do not invest money, -
4:38 - 4:42why we save money
-
4:42 - 4:46for pensions, or not.
-
4:46 - 4:48Biologists were interested
in simpler questions: -
4:48 - 4:51why we pursue the fat rabbit,
or not -
4:51 - 4:55or why we run away from a scary lion,
or not. -
4:55 - 4:59In fact, for hundreds of years
the two disciplines had been studying -
4:59 - 5:01the same thing, the same question:
-
5:01 - 5:03how do we make decisions?
-
5:03 - 5:06And here the new discipline appeared:
neuroeconomics. -
5:06 - 5:08This discipline tries to find out
-
5:08 - 5:11how our brain
is programming our decisions -
5:11 - 5:14in various complex
economic and social contexts. -
5:14 - 5:16For me it was a turning point!
-
5:16 - 5:18We were able to formalize the hypothesis,
-
5:18 - 5:22the hypothesis of brain mechanisms
of conformism. -
5:22 - 5:25For us, conformism --
or social influence -- -
5:25 - 5:27is a phenomenon of people nearby
-
5:27 - 5:30manipulating our brain,
-
5:30 - 5:32manipulating the activity
of certain brain areas -
5:32 - 5:34involved in the decision-making process.
-
5:34 - 5:37Which areas of the brain
and which processes -
5:37 - 5:39are exploited by people around us,
-
5:39 - 5:42forcing us to change our opinion?
-
5:42 - 5:44To answer this question,
-
5:44 - 5:46we can put our subjects in the scanner,
-
5:46 - 5:48try to influence their opinion
-
5:48 - 5:51and register that activity of the brain,
-
5:51 - 5:53which is connected
to social influence. -
5:53 - 5:55But we need a hypothesis.
-
5:55 - 5:57In fact, we are interested
-
5:57 - 5:59in the following situation.
-
5:59 - 6:01This is a famous German photo,
-
6:01 - 6:03you see a man with crossed hands
-
6:03 - 6:06amidst the crowd giving the Nazi salute.
-
6:06 - 6:07Probably this person
-
6:07 - 6:09has a different opinion.
-
6:09 - 6:12What is going on
in this man's head? -
6:12 - 6:14We hypothesized
-
6:14 - 6:17that our biology, our evolution
-
6:17 - 6:18designed the brain in such a way
-
6:18 - 6:20that the brain at this point tells him:
-
6:20 - 6:22“You're wrong!
-
6:22 - 6:24You should not be different
from others!” -
6:24 - 6:27Indeed, it is dangerous
to differ from the people around. -
6:27 - 6:29Let’s imagine
an FC “Spartak” Moscow t-shirt -
6:29 - 6:32at the fan sector of Petrovsky stadium
[home stadium of a rival team] -
6:32 - 6:36in St. Petersburg.
-
6:36 - 6:39It can be very dangerous
to differ from others! -
6:39 - 6:41Therefore we hypothesized
-
6:41 - 6:43that the brain signals us danger:
-
6:43 - 6:45“You are different, it is dangerous,
-
6:45 - 6:48change your opinion
to agree with the majority!” -
6:48 - 6:51How to identify
this signal of danger? -
6:51 - 6:54Here we can refer
-
6:54 - 6:56to a formal representation
of this mechanism, -
6:56 - 7:00formulated by a remarkable neuroeconomist,
mathematician Read Montague. -
7:00 - 7:03He expressed this hypothesis
quite abstractly. -
7:03 - 7:06Imagine that the brain
perceives the behavior of others -- -
7:06 - 7:09this is a green line,
green curve, -
7:09 - 7:12this is how our brain
perceives the norm. -
7:12 - 7:13The red line indicates
-
7:13 - 7:16how our brain perceives
our own behavior. -
7:16 - 7:18This is an abstract curve.
-
7:18 - 7:21The difference between them
is a mathematical error. -
7:21 - 7:23This mathematical error
-
7:23 - 7:24forces us to change our opinion
-
7:24 - 7:26to agree with the opinions
of people nearby. -
7:26 - 7:28Many will say: “What a strange
-
7:28 - 7:30simplified mechanism,
-
7:30 - 7:31which is not clear enough.”
-
7:31 - 7:33Why do they say that
about this mathematical error? -
7:33 - 7:35It is because we then translate
-
7:35 - 7:37the whole problem of social influence
-
7:37 - 7:39into the language of neuroeconomics.
-
7:39 - 7:42For neuroeconomics, for biology,
-
7:42 - 7:44error is the key point.
-
7:44 - 7:46For neurobiology
-
7:46 - 7:47error -- or the awareness of error --
-
7:47 - 7:49is the moment when we change.
-
7:49 - 7:51If we do not realize it,
-
7:51 - 7:54and make a mistake,
we learn almost nothing, -
7:54 - 7:57we stick to the same opinion,
the same behavior. -
7:57 - 8:00If we are wrong and notice the mistake,
-
8:00 - 8:02we change, we learn.
-
8:02 - 8:04Therefore, we hypothesized
that at the moment -
8:04 - 8:06when our opinion differs
from the opinion of others, -
8:06 - 8:09our brain screams: “You're wrong!”
-
8:09 - 8:11The brain signals us an error
-
8:11 - 8:12and this signal forces us
-
8:12 - 8:16to automatically change our opinion
to agree with the opinion of others. -
8:16 - 8:19How to find this error signal
in a human brain? -
8:19 - 8:21A huge body of neurobiological research
-
8:21 - 8:23shows that there is
-
8:23 - 8:26a distributed network in our brain
-
8:26 - 8:29which monitors our mistakes.
-
8:29 - 8:31It warns us about our mistakes and,
-
8:31 - 8:32first of all,
it is the cingulate cortex, -
8:32 - 8:35marked here by a yellow circle.
-
8:35 - 8:39If you mentally cut our brain
like apple, between the hemispheres, -
8:39 - 8:41then the cingulate cortex
will be located -
8:41 - 8:43on the inner surface
of the cerebral hemispheres. -
8:43 - 8:46This area signals us our mistakes,
-
8:46 - 8:49this area triggers internal changes.
-
8:49 - 8:51Therefore, if our hypothesis is correct,
-
8:51 - 8:53if for our brain
-
8:53 - 8:55differing from others is an error,
-
8:55 - 8:57we should detect this activity,
-
8:57 - 9:00when our opinion
differs from the opinion of others. -
9:00 - 9:03We thought a lot about
how to explore conformism, -
9:03 - 9:06how to trigger conformism many times,
and at the same time -
9:06 - 9:08not stress our subjects too much.
-
9:08 - 9:10At that time, I was working
in the Netherlands. -
9:10 - 9:12My professor, Hyenas Fernandez
suggested: -
9:12 - 9:13“Let’s study conformism
-
9:13 - 9:16as a change of opinion
about the attractiveness of faces.” -
9:16 - 9:19I like this
-
9:19 - 9:20digital masterpiece,
-
9:20 - 9:23you see beautiful faces
of different races -
9:23 - 9:26and carefully crafted
transient versions. -
9:26 - 9:28All these people are beautiful.
-
9:28 - 9:31Indeed, there is something
universal in beauty -
9:31 - 9:33and psychology says
that beauty is universal. -
9:33 - 9:35But at the same time
there is something special -
9:35 - 9:37in the faces of people
of different cultures, -
9:37 - 9:39that we do not fully understand.
-
9:39 - 9:41These faces are beautiful
for a given culture, -
9:41 - 9:44but we cannot grasp this beauty.
-
9:44 - 9:47We decided to study how our opinion
-
9:47 - 9:49changes
-
9:49 - 9:51under the influence
of the opinion of others. -
9:51 - 9:53We created a very simple test.
-
9:53 - 9:56We put our subjects into a scanner
and asked them -
9:56 - 9:58to assess the attractiveness
of people's faces. -
9:58 - 10:00They saw a face on the screen
-
10:00 - 10:02and had to assess it
-
10:02 - 10:03from not attractive -- 1,
-
10:03 - 10:06to very attractive -- 8
-
10:06 - 10:07The subject evaluates the face,
-
10:07 - 10:10see their assessment on the screen,
-
10:10 - 10:11but every time they did so,
-
10:11 - 10:14every time they assessed the face,
-
10:14 - 10:16we presented them the opinion
-
10:16 - 10:20of more than one hundred students
from the same university. -
10:20 - 10:23Sometimes this opinion differed
from the subject's opinion, -
10:23 - 10:24sometimes it matched.
-
10:24 - 10:26We were interested in
what is happening at the moment, -
10:26 - 10:28when our opinion differs
-
10:28 - 10:30from the opinion of others.
-
10:30 - 10:31Whether the cingulate cortex activates,
-
10:31 - 10:34whether it tells us about the error...
-
10:34 - 10:36Our research has shown that indeed,
-
10:36 - 10:39you see it in yellow,
the cingulate cortex activates, -
10:39 - 10:41as soon as our opinion differs
from the opinion of others. -
10:41 - 10:43For our brain, the difference
-
10:43 - 10:46from others in our behavior,
in our opinion -- -
10:46 - 10:48is an error!
-
10:48 - 10:51How quickly does the brain
tell us about this error? -
10:51 - 10:52To investigate this,
-
10:52 - 10:54we used a different method --
-
10:54 - 10:56magnetic encephalography.
-
10:56 - 10:58With this method,
we can surround your head -
10:58 - 11:01with lots of hypersensitive sensors
-
11:01 - 11:02which are able to catch a small signal
-
11:02 - 11:04produced by the cingulate cortex.
-
11:04 - 11:06And by using this method,
-
11:06 - 11:09we saw this peak of activity
240 milliseconds later, -
11:09 - 11:11a quarter of a second later
-
11:11 - 11:15our brain tells us:
“You differ from others! -
11:15 - 11:17Change your opinion!”
-
11:17 - 11:19If such a signal
really exists in the brain, -
11:19 - 11:21can we suppress it by modern methods?
-
11:21 - 11:23Yes, we can!
-
11:23 - 11:26We can use
transcranial magnetic stimulation. -
11:26 - 11:29Using a focused magnetic field,
-
11:29 - 11:31we can temporarily suppress,
-
11:31 - 11:33reduce the activity
of the cingulate cortex, -
11:33 - 11:36which tells us about this error.
-
11:36 - 11:39We can expose our subject
-
11:39 - 11:40to a transcranial magnetic stimulation.
-
11:40 - 11:43For 20-30 minutes, their cingulate cortex
-
11:43 - 11:46will produce much fewer signals.
-
11:46 - 11:49We did this with our subjects,
-
11:49 - 11:51asked them to do the same task.
-
11:51 - 11:53The results show that our subjects
-
11:53 - 11:56change their opinion only half as much
-
11:56 - 11:57after their cingulate cortex
-
11:57 - 12:00was temporarily blocked
-
12:00 - 12:02with magnetic field.
-
12:02 - 12:05That is, the brain
automatically informs us: -
12:05 - 12:07“We differ from others.”
-
12:07 - 12:11This signal appears
in a quarter of a second. -
12:11 - 12:12Modern methods allow us
-
12:12 - 12:13to suppress this signal
-
12:13 - 12:15and make people less conformists.
-
12:15 - 12:18My colleagues in various laboratories
-
12:18 - 12:20studied how the cingulate cortex responds
-
12:20 - 12:22to the opinion of the group of people
that we love, -
12:22 - 12:24and to the opinion of the group
that we hate, -
12:24 - 12:27how it reacts when our opinion differs
from the opinion of experts. -
12:27 - 12:29My colleagues in Denmark
-
12:29 - 12:31used chemical substances
-
12:31 - 12:32that change a certain amount
-
12:32 - 12:34of neurotransmitters
in the cingulate cortex -
12:34 - 12:37and temporarily made people
more conformists. -
12:37 - 12:39That is, we are increasingly aware
-
12:39 - 12:42of what happens
in the brain of a conformist. -
12:42 - 12:43We all seem to be prone
-
12:43 - 12:45to automatically change our opinion
-
12:45 - 12:49to agree with the opinion of others.
-
12:49 - 12:52All this research has shown
that for our brain, -
12:52 - 12:55our difference from others is an error
-
12:55 - 12:57and it showed that the brain tends
-
12:57 - 13:01to automatically change our opinion
to agree with the opinion of others. -
13:01 - 13:03Why did we become such conformists?
-
13:03 - 13:06Why are we inclined to conformism?
-
13:06 - 13:08We can cite here
a few theories. -
13:08 - 13:11One theory -- “wisdom of the crowds” --
says that the crowd -
13:11 - 13:16is a more accurate device
to evaluate the reality. -
13:16 - 13:17There are many opinions in the crowd.
-
13:17 - 13:19It leads to the crowd more accurately
-
13:19 - 13:22assessing the situation,
evaluating information, -
13:22 - 13:24so you should follow the crowd.
-
13:24 - 13:26Another theory is --
evolutionary theory -- -
13:26 - 13:29tells us about evolutionarily stable
strategies of behavior. -
13:29 - 13:31It says that for millions of years
-
13:31 - 13:33evolution has been testing us.
-
13:33 - 13:37All wrong decisions,
suboptimal solutions, -
13:37 - 13:39are immediately punished
by natural selection. -
13:39 - 13:42We become somebody's food,
we do not leave posterity, -
13:42 - 13:44we die from hunger.
-
13:44 - 13:47Therefore, if a group, a flock,
-
13:47 - 13:50learns the same behavior,
the same opinion... -
13:50 - 13:52It can happen only
-
13:52 - 13:55if this opinion, this behavior,
is better than the alternative. -
13:55 - 13:58Because the alternative was punished
for millions of years. -
13:58 - 14:01From the point of view of evolution,
we must follow the flock. -
14:01 - 14:04Their opinion is checked
by natural selection. -
14:04 - 14:07But we are living
in a rapidly changing world, -
14:07 - 14:09where the opinion of the majority
-
14:09 - 14:11may slow down progress, for example.
-
14:11 - 14:16The majority can suppress
the creative minority opinion, -
14:16 - 14:18it can suppress changes.
-
14:18 - 14:19Therefore we have to remember
-
14:19 - 14:22about this internal
tendency to conformism, -
14:22 - 14:25we tend to change our opinion
to agree with the opinion of others. -
14:25 - 14:28We should remember this when we see
the number of likes on the Internet, -
14:28 - 14:31when we read surveys,
-
14:31 - 14:35when we listen to TED talks.
-
14:35 - 14:39If we go back to the main question
of our conversation: -
14:39 - 14:42what was going on
in the head of Marcello Clerici -
14:42 - 14:45during his conflict with the state?
-
14:45 - 14:48Probably his brain signaled him
-
14:48 - 14:51about, possibly,
the most important mistake: -
14:51 - 14:53his opinion differs
from the opinion of the state, -
14:53 - 14:56his opinion differs
from the opinion of others. -
14:56 - 15:00And we should remember that.
-
15:00 - 15:02Perhaps not everyone in this room
will be able to overcome... -
15:02 - 15:04Because when we go
-
15:04 - 15:07against the state, against others,
against the opinion of the crowd, -
15:07 - 15:11we go, in some sense,
against our own brain. -
15:11 - 15:13Perhaps at this point,
I should conclude my presentation. -
15:13 - 15:15And finally,
I want to thank all my colleagues, -
15:15 - 15:17who helped me carry out
-
15:17 - 15:18all these quite difficult experiments
-
15:18 - 15:20and you for your patience and attention.
-
15:20 - 15:21Thank You!
(Applause)
- Title:
- People are conformists by nature | Vasily Klucharev | TEDxSadovoeRing
- Description:
-
Vasily Klucharev talks about what is going on in the brains of those opposing the opinion of the majority. How does it feel to go against the mob? What drives gregariousness?
This talk was given at a local TEDx event, produced independently of the TED Conferences.
- Video Language:
- Russian
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 15:27
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Elisabeth Buffard approved English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Elisabeth Buffard edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Aliaksandr Autayeu accepted English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing | ||
Aliaksandr Autayeu edited English subtitles for Люди — конформисты от природы | Василий Ключарёв | TEDxSadovoeRing |