Arguments Against International trade
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0:01 - 0:03♪ [music] ♪
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0:09 - 0:13- [Alex] In our previous videos,
we explained the benefits of trade. -
0:13 - 0:16Today we're going to evaluate
some of the arguments -
0:16 - 0:19that one often hears
about limiting international trade. -
0:25 - 0:28International trade is
a controversial subject. -
0:28 - 0:30There's a lot of arguments
surrounding it. -
0:30 - 0:32We're not going to go through all
of them by any means. -
0:32 - 0:33But here are some
of the most common: -
0:33 - 0:38That trade reduces the number
of jobs in the United States. -
0:38 - 0:41That it's wrong to trade
with countries that use child labor. -
0:41 - 0:46That we need to keep certain jobs
at home for national security. -
0:46 - 0:48We need to keep certain
key industries at home -
0:48 - 0:53because of beneficial spillovers
onto other sectors of the economy. -
0:53 - 0:56And we can increase
U.S. well-being, the argument goes, -
0:56 - 0:59with strategic trade protectionism.
-
0:59 - 1:00So we're going to evaluate, say,
-
1:00 - 1:03a few things about each one
of these arguments. -
1:03 - 1:05Let's consider trade and jobs.
-
1:05 - 1:08What happens when
a tariff is lowered? -
1:08 - 1:11Well, imports will increase,
and there will be fewer jobs -
1:11 - 1:14in the import competing industry.
-
1:14 - 1:17For example, if we have a tariff
on shoes and we reduce the tariff, -
1:17 - 1:21we'll have imports of more shoes
from China and from Vietnam, -
1:21 - 1:23and that will mean fewer jobs
-
1:23 - 1:26in the American
shoe-producing industry. -
1:26 - 1:31That's what people see when
they think about reducing a tariff. -
1:31 - 1:34They're worried about losing those
jobs in the American industry. -
1:34 - 1:39However, we want to see
the issue in a deeper way, -
1:39 - 1:45in a more fundamental way,
and a key question to ask is, -
1:45 - 1:50"Why do people send us goods?
Why would workers in China -
1:50 - 1:54and Vietnam work long hours
to send us shoes?" -
1:54 - 1:57It's certainly not from
the kindness of their heart. -
1:57 - 2:03Ultimately, they want goods
in return, goods or services. -
2:04 - 2:08They are working -- they are
producing in order to consume. -
2:08 - 2:12They are sending us goods
because they want goods in return. -
2:12 - 2:15They are not doing it out
of the goodness of their hearts, -
2:15 - 2:19but out of self-interest
as Adam Smith said. -
2:20 - 2:25And that leads to a fundamental
insight about international trade. -
2:26 - 2:31Namely, we pay
for our imports with exports. -
2:31 - 2:38When we import more,
we will ultimately export more -
2:38 - 2:43because we pay for our imports
through our exports. -
2:44 - 2:50What this means is that trade
doesn't destroy jobs overall. -
2:50 - 2:55Trade moves jobs
from import-competing industries -
2:55 - 3:01to export industries, and overall,
wages increase on average -
3:01 - 3:03because of comparative advantage.
-
3:03 - 3:07Because we pay
for our imports with exports, -
3:07 - 3:10when we import more,
we will export more. -
3:11 - 3:16Jobs will reduce in the import
competing industries and increase -
3:16 - 3:17in the export industries.
-
3:18 - 3:21Now, this process is
not always easy. -
3:21 - 3:25Problems can occur when we lose
jobs in low-skill import-competing -
3:25 - 3:29sectors and gain jobs
in high-skill export sectors. -
3:29 - 3:33Overall, when the United States
imports goods, we typically -
3:33 - 3:37import goods produced by low-skill,
because America on average -
3:37 - 3:40is a high-skill economy,
has high-skilled workers -
3:40 - 3:44on a world level, but we do have
some low-skill workers, -
3:44 - 3:48and imports tend to compete
with the products -
3:48 - 3:50produced by low-skilled workers.
-
3:50 - 3:54Everything will be fine
if our education system is -
3:54 - 3:57working well, and if those
low-skill workers can increase -
3:57 - 3:59their skills and move
to high-tech -- -
3:59 - 4:03or high-skill, not necessarily
high-tech -- high-skill sectors. -
4:04 - 4:09Of course, that's a big "if,"
and the transition can be difficult. -
4:09 - 4:12We have to put this
in context, however. -
4:12 - 4:17In a growing economy, jobs are
appearing and disappearing -
4:17 - 4:20all the time, not just
or even fundamentally because -
4:20 - 4:22of international trade,
but because of changes -
4:22 - 4:24in preferences
and changes in technology. -
4:25 - 4:26Let's take a look at that.
-
4:27 - 4:29It's important when thinking
-
4:29 - 4:31about trade and jobs
and jobs in general -
4:31 - 4:37that the American economy succeeds
precisely because jobs are being -
4:37 - 4:40created and destroyed
all the time. -
4:41 - 4:46Job destruction is often a sign
of progress and growth. -
4:46 - 4:48Think about Thomas Edison.
-
4:48 - 4:52He destroyed the whaling industry
with his invention of the light bulb. -
4:53 - 4:56CDs -- some of you may not even
remember compact discs -- -
4:56 - 5:00they destroyed jobs
in the record industry. -
5:00 - 5:04MP3s destroyed jobs
in the CD industry. -
5:04 - 5:07This is the way progress
often occurs. -
5:07 - 5:11Employment and the standard
of living overall keep rising -
5:11 - 5:16over time, and the reason they're
rising is precisely that old jobs -
5:16 - 5:19are being destroyed,
new jobs are being created. -
5:19 - 5:26Overall, in the churn,
there's a trend towards richer jobs, -
5:26 - 5:28higher-paying jobs, higher wages.
-
5:28 - 5:33Overall technology, trade,
these benefit the U.S. economy. -
5:35 - 5:37Child labor is something
which no one wants, -
5:37 - 5:40but it's important to understand
that child labor is something -
5:40 - 5:42which happens when people are poor.
-
5:43 - 5:46Child labor was common
in 19th century Great Britain -
5:46 - 5:47and the United States.
-
5:47 - 5:50Child labor declined
in the developed world -
5:50 - 5:52as people got richer.
-
5:52 - 5:57Forces that reduced child labor
in the developed world are also -
5:57 - 5:59at work in the developing countries.
-
5:59 - 6:02As countries become richer,
child labor declines. -
6:02 - 6:07What this graph shows is that
as real GDP per capita increases, -
6:07 - 6:12the percent of children ages 10
to 14 in the labor force decreases. -
6:12 - 6:15So increases in real GDP reduce
-
6:15 - 6:18the percent of children
in the labor force. -
6:18 - 6:23The circles, by the way, are
proportional to the absolute number -
6:23 - 6:26of children in the labor force,
so in China, for example, -
6:26 - 6:29there are about 12 percent
of kids in the labor force, -
6:29 - 6:32but because there are so many
Chinese children, that's -
6:32 - 6:36a large number of children
in absolute numbers. -
6:36 - 6:38Again the key here is really
-
6:38 - 6:41that economic growth
reduces child labor. -
6:42 - 6:47So if you want to reduce child labor
you want a country to become rich. -
6:47 - 6:52The question is, "Can one
accelerate this process by banning -
6:52 - 6:59child labor or by refusing to trade
with countries that use child labor?" -
6:59 - 7:03That's really refusing to trade
with the poorest of countries. -
7:03 - 7:05Do we really want to do that?
-
7:05 - 7:07Do we really want
to say to poor countries, -
7:07 - 7:09"We're not going to trade with you."
-
7:09 - 7:13There are many opportunities
here for unintended consequences -
7:13 - 7:18of laws which may have been trying
to do a good thing but backfire. -
7:18 - 7:22So, for example, when India
banned child labor, -
7:22 - 7:27one of the effects of that was
to reduce the wages of children -
7:27 - 7:29because now you have
to hire them under the table. -
7:29 - 7:33Because their wages were lower,
the families were poorer, -
7:33 - 7:35and because the families
were poorer, -
7:35 - 7:38they had to rely
even more on child labor. -
7:38 - 7:44So it is very easy to create
a policy which backfires. -
7:45 - 7:52It is not, in my view, a good idea
to use international trade -
7:52 - 7:57as a weapon or as a tool
against child labor. -
7:57 - 8:01A much better idea would be
to help poor countries, -
8:01 - 8:05would be to offer free schooling
in poor countries, -
8:05 - 8:09to offer lunches for schools
in poor countries. -
8:09 - 8:13This increases the incentive
to send the children to school -
8:13 - 8:14because then they are fed.
-
8:15 - 8:18So there are lots of things we can
do to reduce child labor -
8:18 - 8:21in poorer countries,
but to say to those countries, -
8:21 - 8:25"We're not going to trade with you
because you're poor -
8:25 - 8:28and you're using child labor
just exactly the same way -
8:28 - 8:30we did in the 19th century."
-
8:31 - 8:35That is really not in my view
a productive policy. -
Not SyncedTrade and national security.
Yeah, some industries probably -
Not Syncedshould be protected
to protect national security. -
Not SyncedThe problem is this argument
is subject to great abuse. -
Not SyncedAlmost every industry can
and does make the claim -
Not Syncedthat they're essential
for national security. -
Not SyncedSo let's give some examples.
Vaccine production? -
Not SyncedYes, probably a good idea for us
to have some domestic capability. -
Not SyncedWe don't always want to buy our
vaccines from abroad, just in case. -
Not SyncedAngora goat fleece? Am I serious?
-
Not SyncedYes. Believe it or not,
we have protected Angora goats -
Not Syncedwith the argument
that their fleece is necessary -
Not Syncedto produce military uniforms.
-
Not SyncedYep, some people think goats
are vital to national security. -
Not SyncedI'm not kidding.
-
Not SyncedThe key industries argument is very
popular among the high-tech crowd. -
Not SyncedThe argument is, is that there are
some industries, which for a variety -
Not Syncedof reasons, are especially important
for a nation to have a foothold in. -
Not Synced"Biology, microbiology is going
to be the future, -
Not Syncedtherefore we need
to have this type of industry." -
Not SyncedOr, "Computers are the future,
-
Not Syncedtherefore we need to have
this type of industry." -
Not SyncedThe argument is that
these industries create spillovers -
Not Syncedfor other industries.
-
Not SyncedThey create learning, they create
research, they create workers, -
Not Syncedhigh-tech workers, which spread out
to other areas of the economy -
Not Syncedand benefit the economy in ways
which go beyond the GDP -
Not Syncedproduced by those
particular industries. -
Not SyncedRoss Perot famously made
this argument when he said, -
Not Synced"Producing computer chips is
better than potato chips." -
Not SyncedIn some ways this may be true,
-
Not Syncedbut it's overall not
a compelling argument. -
Not SyncedFor example, today
most computer chips are -
Not Syncedcheap, mass-produced products.
-
Not SyncedThey're not something we really
want to be producing at all. -
Not SyncedThey're not even produced
with a lot of labor. -
Not SyncedThey're mostly produced
in big factories which don't -
Not Syncedactually make lot of money.
-
Not SyncedMuch better to design the product
the way Apple does, -
Not Syncedmaking lots of profit,
than to buy the chips which Apple -
Not Synceduses in its iPhones, which don't
make a lot of money at all. -
Not SyncedIn 1990, Walmart contributed
more to the boom in productivity -
Not Syncedthan Silicon Valley.
-
Not SyncedSo it's always difficult
to say exactly which are -
Not Syncedthe most important industries.
-
Not SyncedYou wouldn't think
that Walmart retail is -
Not Synceda hugely important industry,
and yet, Walmart is -
Not Syncedthe world's largest firm,
and it has done a huge amount -
Not Syncedto make the American economy
more productive. -
Not SyncedSo no one really knows
which industries are the ones -
Not Syncedwith the really important
spillovers, and when we add -
Not Syncedin political economy, the tendency
for politics to often choose -
Not Syncedbased upon the wrong reasons --
-
Not Syncedthis argument is really
not very compelling. -
Not SyncedHere's an argument
which again works in theory, -
Not Syncedbut is less likely
to work in practice. -
Not SyncedIt's possible for a country
to use tariffs and quotas -
Not Syncedto get a larger share
of the gains from trade. -
Not SyncedThe argument here is that
if you can limit tax exports, -
Not Syncednot tax imports, but tax exports,
-
Not Syncedthen you can let domestic firms
act as a cartel, -
Not Syncedso it's a way of helping
domestic firms to be more -
Not Syncedlike a monopoly,
to act like a cartel. -
Not SyncedSo the government
plus the domestic firms put, -
Not Syncedcreates a tax, or limits exports
in order to raise the price -
Not Syncedof those exports on world markets
and in order to grab up -
Not Syncedmore of the gains from trade.
-
Not SyncedIt can work, especially
if there are few substitutes -
Not Syncedfor U.S.-produced goods.
-
Not SyncedOn the other hand, if there are
substitutes for U.S.-produced goods -
Not Syncedor if we push the price
of our goods up too high, -
Not Syncedand that creates the substitutes,
we may in the long run -
Not Syncedreally reduce our market.
-
Not SyncedMoreover, these arguments
for strategic trade protectionism -
Not Syncedare not such a great idea
if other countries can retaliate. -
Not SyncedIf every country tries to do this,
then world trade as a whole will -
Not Syncedshrink and no country
will be better off. -
Not SyncedSo in trying to grab up
a larger slice of the pie, -
Not Syncedwe have to always be worried
about making the pie smaller. -
Not SyncedAgain, the argument works in theory.
-
Not SyncedA very clever government might
be able to do it, but in practice, -
Not Syncedthis is really not a very good
reason for limiting trade. -
Not SyncedSo to sum up, restrictions
on trade waste resources -
Not Syncedby transferring production
from low-cost foreign producers -
Not Syncedto high-cost domestic producers.
-
Not SyncedRestrictions on trade
also prevent domestic consumers -
Not Syncedfrom exploiting all
of the gains from trade. -
Not SyncedThere are some good arguments
for restricting trade. -
Not SyncedSome arguments are
valid, but they're usually -
Not Syncedof limited applicability.
-
Not SyncedOverall, I think free trade is
a robust policy in the sense -
Not Syncedthat it's a policy which works
well in most circumstances -
Not Syncedand protectionism will work well
-
Not Syncedonly in a limited number
of circumstances. -
Not SyncedThanks!
-
Not Synced- [Narrator] If you want to test
yourself, click "Practice Questions." -
Not SyncedOr, if you're ready move on,
just click "Next Video." -
Not Synced♪ [music] ♪
- Title:
- Arguments Against International trade
- Description:
-
In this video, we discuss some of the most common arguments against international trade. Does trade harm workers by reducing the number of jobs in the U.S.? Is it wrong to trade with countries that use child labor? Is it important to keep a certain number of jobs at home for national security reasons? Can strategic protectionism increase well-being in the U.S.? Join us as we discuss these common concerns. - See more at: http://mruniversity.com/courses/principles-economics-microeconomics/arguments-against-trade?
Microeconomics Course: http://mruniversity.com/courses/principles-economics-microeconomics
Ask a question about the video: http://mruniversity.com/courses/principles-economics-microeconomics/arguments-against-trade#QandA
Next video: http://mruniversity.com/courses/principles-economics-microeconomics/introduction-externalities
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- Marginal Revolution University
- Project:
- Micro
- Duration:
- 13:56
Marilia_PM edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade | ||
Kirstin Cosper edited English subtitles for Arguments Against International trade |