What do we do with all this big data?

Technology has brought us so much:

the moon landing, the Internet,

the ability to sequence the human genome.

But it also taps into a lot of our deepest fears,

and about 30 years ago,

the culture critic Neil Postman wrote a book

called "Amusing Ourselves to Death,"

which lays this out really brilliantly.

And here's what he said,

comparing the dystopian visions

of George Orwell and Aldous Huxley.

He said, Orwell feared we would become

a captive culture.

Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture.

Orwell feared the truth would be

concealed from us,

and Huxley feared we would be drowned

in a sea of irrelevance.

In a nutshell, it's a choice between

Big Brother watching you

and you watching Big Brother.

(Laughter)

But it doesn't have to be this way.

We are not passive consumers
of data and technology.

We shape the role it plays in our lives

and the way we make meaning from it,

but to do that,

we have to pay as much attention to how we think

as how we code.

We have to ask questions, and hard questions,

to move past counting things

to understanding them.

We're constantly bombarded with stories

about how much data there is in the world,

but when it comes to big data

and the challenges of interpreting it,

size isn't everything.

There's also the speed at which it moves,

and the many varieties of data types,

and here are just a few examples:

images,

text,

video,

audio.

And what unites this disparate types of data

is that they're created by people

and they require context.

Now, there's a group of data scientists

out of the University of Illinois-Chicago,

and they're called the Health Media Collaboratory,

and they've been working with
the Centers for Disease Control

to better understand

how people talk about quitting smoking,

how they talk about electronic cigarettes,

and what they can do collectively

to help them quit.

The interesting thing is, if you want to understand

how people talk about smoking,

first you have to understand

what they mean when they say "smoking."

And on Twitter, there are four main categories:

number one, smoking cigarettes;

number two, smoking marijuana;

number three, smoking ribs;

and number four, smoking hot women.

(Laughter)

So then you have to think about, well,

how do people talk about electronic cigarettes?

And there are so many different ways

that people do this, and you can see from the slide

it's a complex kind of a query.

And what it reminds us is that

language is created by people,

and people are messy and we're complex

and we use metaphors and slang and jargon

and we do this 24/7 in many, many languages,

and then as soon as we figure it out, we change it up.

So did these ads that the CDC put on,

these television ads that featured a woman

with a hole in her throat and that were very graphic

and very disturbing,

did they actually have an impact

on whether people quit?

And the Health Media Collaboratory
respected the limits of their data,

but they were able to conclude

that those advertisements —
and you may have seen them —

that they had the effect of jolting people

into a thought process

that may have an impact on future behavior.

And what I admire and
appreciate about this project,

aside from the fact, including the fact

that it's based on real human need,

is that it's a fantastic example of courage

in the face of a sea of irrelevance.

And so it's not just big data that causes

challenges of interpretation, because let's face it,

we human beings have a very rich history

of taking any amount of data, no matter how small,

and screwing it up.

So many years ago, you may remember

that former President Ronald Reagan

was very criticized for making a statement

that facts are stupid things.

And it was a slip of the tongue, let's be fair.

He actually meant to quote John Adams' defense

of British soldiers in the Boston Massacre trials

that facts are stubborn things.

But I actually think there's

a bit of accidental wisdom in what he said,

because facts are stubborn things,

but sometimes they're stupid, too.

I want to tell you a personal story

about why this matters a lot to me.

I need to take a breath.

My son Isaac, when he was two,

was diagnosed with autism,

and he was this happy, hilarious,

loving, affectionate little guy,

but the metrics on his developmental evaluations,

which looked at things like
the number of words —

at that point, none —

communicative gestures and minimal eye contact,

put his developmental level

at that of a nine-month-old baby.

And the diagnosis was factually correct,

but it didn't tell the whole story.

And about a year and a half later,

when he was almost four,

I found him in front of the computer one day

running a Google image search on women,

spelled "w-i-m-e-n."

And I did what any obsessed parent would do,

which is immediately started
hitting the "back" button

to see what else he'd been searching for.

And they were, in order: men,

school, bus and computer.

And I was stunned,

because we didn't know that he could spell,

much less read, and so I asked him,

"Isaac, how did you do this?"

And he looked at me very seriously and said,

"Typed in the box."

He was teaching himself to communicate,

but we were looking in the wrong place,

and this is what happens when assessments

and analytics overvalue one metric —

in this case, verbal communication —

and undervalue others, such
as creative problem-solving.

Communication was hard for Isaac,

and so he found a workaround

to find out what he needed to know.

And when you think about it, it makes a lot of sense,

because forming a question

is a really complex process,

but he could get himself a lot of the way there

by putting a word in a search box.

And so this little moment

had a really profound impact on me

and our family

because it helped us change our frame of reference

for what was going on with him,

and worry a little bit less and appreciate

his resourcefulness more.

Facts are stupid things.

And they're vulnerable to misuse,

willful or otherwise.

I have a friend, Emily Willingham, who's a scientist,

and she wrote a piece for Forbes not long ago

entitled "The 10 Weirdest Things

Ever Linked to Autism."

It's quite a list.

The Internet, blamed for everything, right?

And of course mothers, because.

And actually, wait, there's more,

there's a whole bunch in
the "mother" category here.

And you can see it's a pretty
rich and interesting list.

I'm a big fan of

being pregnant near freeways, personally.

The final one is interesting,

because the term "refrigerator mother"

was actually the original hypothesis

for the cause of autism,

and that meant somebody
who was cold and unloving.

And at this point, you might be thinking,

"Okay, Susan, we get it,

you can take data, you can
make it mean anything."

And this is true, it's absolutely true,

but the challenge is that

we have this opportunity

to try to make meaning out of it ourselves,

because frankly, data doesn't
create meaning. We do.

So as businesspeople, as consumers,

as patients, as citizens,

we have a responsibility, I think,

to spend more time

focusing on our critical thinking skills.

Why?

Because at this point in our history, as we've heard

many times over,

we can process exabytes of data

at lightning speed,

and we have the potential to make bad decisions

far more quickly, efficiently,

and with far greater impact than we did in the past.

Great, right?

And so what we need to do instead

is spend a little bit more time

on things like the humanities

and sociology, and the social sciences,

rhetoric, philosophy, ethics,

because they give us context that is so important

for big data, and because

they help us become better critical thinkers.

Because after all, if I can spot

a problem in an argument, it doesn't much matter

whether it's expressed in words or in numbers.

And this means

teaching ourselves to find
those confirmation biases

and false correlations

and being able to spot a naked emotional appeal

from 30 yards,

because something that happens after something

doesn't mean it happened
because of it, necessarily,

and if you'll let me geek out on you for a second,

the Romans called this
"post hoc ergo propter hoc,"

after which therefore because of which.

And it means questioning
disciplines like demographics.

Why? Because they're based on assumptions

about who we all are based on our gender

and our age and where we live

as opposed to data on what
we actually think and do.

And since we have this data,

we need to treat it with appropriate privacy controls

and consumer opt-in,

and beyond that, we need to be clear

about our hypotheses,

the methodologies that we use,

and our confidence in the result.

As my high school algebra teacher used to say,

show your math,

because if I don't know what steps you took,

I don't know what steps you didn't take,

and if I don't know what questions you asked,

I don't know what questions you didn't ask.

And it means asking ourselves, really,

the hardest question of all:

Did the data really show us this,

or does the result make us feel

more successful and more comfortable?

So the Health Media Collaboratory,

at the end of their project, they were able

to find that 87 percent of tweets

about those very graphic and disturbing

anti-smoking ads expressed fear,

but did they conclude

that they actually made people stop smoking?

No. It's science, not magic.

So if we are to unlock

the power of data,

we don't have to go blindly into

Orwell's vision of a totalitarian future,

or Huxley's vision of a trivial one,

or some horrible cocktail of both.

What we have to do

is treat critical thinking with respect

and be inspired by examples

like the Health Media Collaboratory,

and as they say in the superhero movies,

let's use our powers for good.

Thank you.

(Applause)