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In the Northwest corner of the United States,
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right up near the Canadian border,
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there's a little town called Libby, Montana,
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and it's surrounded by pine trees and lakes
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and just amazing wildlife
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and these enormous trees that scream up into the sky.
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And in there is a little town, called Libby,
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which I visited, which feels kind of lonely,
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a little isolated.
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And in Libby, Montana, there's a rather unusual woman
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named Gayla Benefield.
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She always felt a little bit of an outsider,
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although she's been there almost all her life,
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a woman of Russian extraction.
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She told me when she went to school,
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she was the only girl who ever chose
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to do mechanical drawing.
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Later in life, she got a job going house to house
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reading utility meters, gas meters, electricity meters.
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And she was doing the work in the middle of the day,
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and one thing particularly caught her notice, which was,
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in the middle of the day she met a lot of men
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who were at home, middle aged, late-middle aged,
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and a lot of them seemed to be on oxygen tanks,
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It struck her as strange.
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Then, a few years later, her father died at the age of 59,
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five days before he was due to receive his pension.
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He'd been a miner.
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She thought he must just have been worn out by the work.
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But then a few years later, her mother died,
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and that seemed stranger still,
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because her mother came from a long line of people
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who just seemed to live forever.
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In fact, Gayla's uncle is still alive to this day,
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and learning how to waltz.
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It didn't make sense that Gayla's mother
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should die so young.
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It was an anomaly, and she kept puzzling over anomalies.
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And as she did, other ones came to mind.
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She remembered, for example,
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when her mother had broken a leg and went into hospital,
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and she had a lot of x-rays,
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and two of them were leg x-rays, which made sense,
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but six of them were chest x-rays, which didn't.
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She puzzled and puzzled over every piece
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of her life and her parents' life,
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trying to understand what she was seeing.
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She thought about her town.
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The town had a vermiculite mine in it.
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Vermiculite was used for soil conditioners,
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to make plants grow faster and better.
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Vermiculite was used to insulate lofts,
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huge amounts of it put under the roof
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to keep houses warm during the long Montana winters.
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Vermiculite was in the playground.
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It was in the football ground.
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It was in the skating rink.
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What she didn't learn until she started working this problem
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is vermiculite is a very toxic form of asbestos.
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When she figured out the puzzle,
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she started telling everyone she could
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what had happened, what had been done to her parents
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and to the people she saw on oxygen tanks
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at home in the afternoons.
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But she was really amazed.
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She thought, when everybody knows, they'll want to do something,
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but actually nobody wanted to know.
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In fact, she became so annoying
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as she kept insisting on telling this story
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to her neighbors, to her friends, to other people in the community,
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that eventually a bunch of them got together
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and they made a bumper sticker
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which they proudly displayed on their cars, which said,
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"Yes, I'm from Libby, Montana,
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and no, I don't have asbestosis."
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But Gayla didn't stop. She kept doing research.
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The advent of the internet definitely helped her.
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She talked to anybody she could.
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She argued and argued, and finally she struck lucky
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when a researcher came through town
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studying the history of mines in the area,
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and she told him her story, and at first, of course,
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like everyone, he didn't believe her,
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but he went back to Seattle and he did his own research
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and he realized that she was right.
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So now she had an ally.
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Nevertheless, people still didn't want to know.
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They said things like, "Well, if it were really dangerous,
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someone would have told us."
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"If that's really why everyone was dying,
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the doctors would have told us."
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Some of the guys used to very heavy jobs said,
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"I don't want to be a victim.
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I can't possibly be a victim, and anyway,
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every industry has its accidents."
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But still Gayla went on, and finally she succeeded
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in getting a federal agency to come to town
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and to screen the inhabitants of the town,
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15,000 people, and what they discovered
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was that the town had a mortality rate
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80 times higher than anywhere in the United States.
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That was in 2002, and even at that moment,
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no one raised their hand to say, "Gayla,
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look in the playground where your grandchildren are playing.
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It's lined with vermiculite."
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This wasn't ignorance.
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It was willful blindness.
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Willful blindness is a legal concept which means,
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if there's information that you could know and you should know
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but you somehow manage not to know,
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the law deems that you're willfully blind.
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You have chosen not to know.
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There's a lot of willful blindness around these days.
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You can see willful blindness in banks,
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when thousands of people sold mortgages to people
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who couldn't afford them.
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You could see them in banks
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when interest rates were manipulated
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and everyone around knew what was going on,
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but everyone studiously ignored it.
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You can see willful blindness in the Catholic Church,
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where decades of child abuse went ignored.
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You could see willful blindness
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in the run-up to the Iraq War.
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Willful blindness exists on epic scales like those,
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and it also exists on very small scales,
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in people's families, in people's homes and communities,
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and particularly in organizations and institutions.
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Companies that have been studied for willful blindness
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can be asked questions like,
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"Are there issues at work
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that people are afraid to raise?"
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And when academics have done studies like this
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of corporations in the United States,
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what they find is 85 percent of people say yes.
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Eighty-five percent of people know there's a problem,
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but they won't say anything.
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And when I duplicated the research in Europe,
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asking all the same questions,
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I found exactly the same number.
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Eighty-five percent. That's a lot of silence.
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It's a lot of blindness.
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And what's really interesting is that when I go to companies in Switzerland,
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they tell me, "This is a uniquely Swiss problem."
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And when I go to Germany, they say, "Oh yes, this is the German disease."
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And when I go to companies in England, they say,
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"Oh, yeah, the British are really bad at this."
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And the truth is, this is a human problem.
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We're all, under certain circumstances, willfully blind.
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What the research shows is that some people are blind
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out of fear. They're afraid of retaliation.
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And some people are blind because they think, well,
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seeing anything is just futile.
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Nothing's ever going to change.
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If we make a protest, if we protest against the Iraq War,
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nothing changes, so why bother?
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Better not to see this stuff at all.
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And the recurrent theme that I encounter all the time
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is people say, "Well, you know,
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the people who see, they're whistleblowers,
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and we all know what happens to them."
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So there's this profound mythology around whistleblowers
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which says, first of all, they're all crazy.
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But what I've found going around the world
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and talking to whistleblowers is, actually,
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they're very loyal and quite often very conservative people.
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They're hugely dedicated to the institutions that they work for,
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and the reason that they speak up,
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the reason they insist on seeing,
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is because they care so much about the institution
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and want to keep it healthy.
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And the other thing that people often say
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about whistleblowers is, "Well, there's no point,
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because you see what happens to them.
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They are crushed.
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Nobody would want to go through something like that."
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And yet, when I talk to whistleblowers,
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the recurrent tone that I hear is pride.
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I think of Joe Darby.
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We all remember the photographs of Abu Ghraib
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which so shocked the world and showed the kind of war
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that was being fought in Iraq.
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But I wonder who remembers Joe Darby,
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the very obedient, good soldier
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who found those photographs and handed them in.
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And he said, he said, "You know, I'm not the kind of guy
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to rat people out, but some things just cross the line.
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Ignorance is bliss, they say,
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but you can't put up with things like this."
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I talked to Steve Bolson, a British doctor,
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who fought for five years to draw attention
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to a dangerous surgeon who was killing babies.
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And I asked him why he did it, and he said,
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"Well, it was really my daughter who prompted me to do it.
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She came up to me one night, and she just said,
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'Dad, you can't let the kids die.'"
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Or I think of Cynthia Thomas,
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a really loyal army daughter and army wife,
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who, as she saw her friends and relations
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coming back from the Iraq War, was so shocked
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by their mental condition
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and the refusal of the military to recognize and acknowledge
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post-traumatic stress syndrome
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that she set up a cafe in the middle of a military town
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to give them legal, psychological, and medical assistance.
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And she said to me, she said, "You know Margaret,
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I always used to say I didn't know what I wanted to be
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when I grow up.
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But I've found myself in this cause.
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And I'll never be the same."
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We all enjoy so many freedoms today,
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hard-won freedoms:
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the freedom to write and publish without fear of censorship,
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a freedom that wasn't here the last time I came to Hungary;
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a freedom to vote, which women in particular
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had to fight so hard for;
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the freedom for people of different ethnicities and cultures
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and sexual orientation to live the way that they want.
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But freedom doesn't exist if you don't use it,
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and what whistleblowers do,
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and what people like Gayla Benefield do
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is they use the freedom that they have.
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And what they're very prepared to do is recognize
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that yes, this is going to be an argument,
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and yes I'm going to have a lot of rows
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with my neighbors and my colleagues and my friends,
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but I'm going to become very good at this conflict.
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I'm going to take on the naysayers,
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because they'll make my argument better and stronger.
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I can collaborate with my opponents
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to become better at what I do.
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These are people of immense persistence,
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incredible patience, and an absolute determination
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not to be blind and not to be silent.
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When I went to Libby, Montana,
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I visited the asbestosis clinic
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that Gayla Benefield brought into being,
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a place where at first some of the people
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who wanted help and needed medical attention
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went in the back door
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because they didn't want to acknowledge
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that she'd been right.
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I sat in a diner and I watched
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as trucks drove up and down the highway,
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carting away the earth out of gardens
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and replacing it with fresh, uncontaminated soil.
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I took my 12-year old daughter with me,
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because I really wanted her to meet Gayla.
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And she said, "Why? What's the big deal?"
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I said, "She's not a movie star,
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and she's not a celebrity, and she's not an expert,
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and Gayla's the first person who would say,
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she's not a saint.
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The really important thing about Gayla
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is she is ordinary.
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She's like you and she's like me.
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She had freedom, and she was ready to use it."
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Thank you very much.
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(Applause)