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♪ (Music fades in) ♪
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(Chirping)
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(Vocalizations, different languages)
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(Talking overlaps in background)
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(Computerized beeping)
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(Man) We come into this world with the
innate ability to learn to interact
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with other sentient beings.
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(Child vocalizing)
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(Man) Suppose you are to interact with
other people by writing little messages.
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(Man) It'd be a real pain.
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(Man) And that's how we interact
with computers.
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It's much easier just to talk to them...
just so much easier...
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(Man) If the computers could understand
what we're saying.
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For that, you need really
good speech recognition.
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(Narrator) The first speech recognition
system was developed by Bell Laboratories
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in 1952. It could only recognize
numbers spoken by one person.
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In the 1970s, Carnegie-Mellon
came out with the Harpy System.
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This was able to recognize over
1,000 words and different pronunciations
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(Narrator) of the same word.
- (Man) Tomato - (Woman) Tomato
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(Narrator) Speech recognition continued
in the 80s with the introduction of the
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Hidden Markov Model, which
used a more mathematical approach
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to analyzing sound waves that led to
many breakthroughs we have today.
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You're taking in very raw audio wave forms
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like you get through a microphone
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on your phone
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or (unintelligible)
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(Woman) We chop it into small pieces
and it tries to identify which phoneme
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was spoken in that piece of speech.
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- Phoneme is a primitive unit for
expressing words.
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(voicing phonemes shown above)
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And then you stitch those together
into likely words like Palo Alto.
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- Speech recognition today is good at
transcribing what you've said...
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(Man, to phone) What's the weather
like in Topeka?
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(Man) You can talk about travels, your
contacts, like, "Where can I get pizza?"
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(Phone) Here are the listings for Pizza.
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(Man) "Where's the Eiffel Tower?"
(Phone) The Eiffel Tower is ...
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(Woman) We've made tremendous
improvements very quickly.
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(Man, to phone) Who is the 21st
President of the United States?
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(Phone beeps)
(Phone) Chester A. Arthur was the 21st...
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(Man, to phone) Okay, Google,
where is he from?
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(Man) Years ago, you had to be an engineer
to interact with computers.
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Today, everybody can interact.
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- One thing still in its
infancy is understanding.
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- We need a far more sophisticated
language understanding model
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that understands what the sentence means.
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We're still a very long way from that.
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(Beeping)
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♪ (Soft background music) ♪
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(Woman) Our ability to use language is one
of the things that helps us have culture.
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It's one of the things that helps
us pass on traditions across generations.
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Figuring out how the system of language
works, even though it seems easy,
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turns out to be very hard, but is one that
every baby understands by 2 years old.
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(Girl) There's two of them.
(Woman) There's two Ls, yeah (spells word)
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- Language is extremely complex
and sophisticated...
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- From the semantics
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- (Man in chair) Ironies...
- (Woman) Strong accents...
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- (Man) Facial expressions, human emotions...
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- Because that's part of
how we communicate.
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- Humor...
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(Aside) Do I have to careful
not to offend the dinosaur?
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- Language has so many different
layers and that's why it's
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such a difficult problem.
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(Man) The (unknown) human brain
and the learning algorithms in it
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are far, far better at things like
language understanding
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and they're still a lot better
at pun recognition.
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- Whether or not we replicate exactly
what the brain does, to understand
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language and speech, is still a question.
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(Beeping)
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(Man) For many years, we believed that
neural networks should work better than
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the dull existing technology
Captions Requested
Claude Almansi
Thank you so much, Michael. You descriptions of non-verbal sounds are great!
Claude
michael.j.shepard
You're welcome - thank you very much. :)
bsrcube
Thank you, Michael and Claude.