How to make hard choices
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0:01 - 0:04Think of a hard choice
you'll face in the near future. -
0:04 - 0:06It might be between two careers --
-
0:06 - 0:08artist and accountant --
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0:08 - 0:11or places to live --
the city or the country -- -
0:11 - 0:13or even between two people to marry --
-
0:13 - 0:16you could marry Betty
or you could marry Lolita. -
0:17 - 0:20Or it might be a choice
about whether to have children, -
0:20 - 0:22to have an ailing parent move in with you,
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0:22 - 0:25to raise your child in a religion
that your partner lives by -
0:25 - 0:27but leaves you cold.
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0:27 - 0:30Or whether to donate
your life savings to charity. -
0:31 - 0:34Chances are, the hard choice
you thought of was something big, -
0:34 - 0:36something momentous,
something that matters to you. -
0:37 - 0:39Hard choices seem to be occasions
-
0:39 - 0:43for agonizing, hand-wringing,
the gnashing of teeth. -
0:44 - 0:46But I think we've
misunderstood hard choices -
0:46 - 0:48and the role they play in our lives.
-
0:48 - 0:50Understanding hard choices
-
0:50 - 0:54uncovers a hidden power
each of us possesses. -
0:55 - 0:58What makes a choice hard
is the way the alternatives relate. -
0:59 - 1:00In any easy choice,
-
1:00 - 1:03one alternative is better than the other.
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1:03 - 1:04In a hard choice,
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1:04 - 1:07one alternative is better in some ways,
-
1:07 - 1:09the other alternative
is better in other ways, -
1:09 - 1:12and neither is better
than the other overall. -
1:13 - 1:17You agonize over whether to stay
in your current job in the city -
1:17 - 1:21or uproot your life
for more challenging work in the country, -
1:21 - 1:24because staying is better in some ways,
-
1:24 - 1:25moving is better in others,
-
1:25 - 1:28and neither is better
than the other overall. -
1:29 - 1:33We shouldn't think
that all hard choices are big. -
1:33 - 1:36Let's say you're deciding
what to have for breakfast. -
1:36 - 1:39You could have high fiber bran cereal
-
1:39 - 1:40or a chocolate donut.
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1:40 - 1:44Suppose what matters in the choice
is tastiness and healthfulness. -
1:45 - 1:47The cereal is better for you,
-
1:47 - 1:49the donut tastes way better,
-
1:49 - 1:51but neither is better
than the other overall, -
1:51 - 1:53a hard choice.
-
1:53 - 1:57Realizing that small choices
can also be hard, -
1:57 - 2:01may make big hard choices
seem less intractable. -
2:02 - 2:04After all, we manage to figure out
what to have for breakfast, -
2:04 - 2:08so maybe we can figure out
whether to stay in the city -
2:08 - 2:10or uproot for the new job in the country.
-
2:12 - 2:16We also shouldn't think
that hard choices are hard -
2:16 - 2:18because we are stupid.
-
2:19 - 2:21When I graduated from college,
-
2:21 - 2:24I couldn't decide between two careers,
philosophy and law. -
2:24 - 2:27I really loved philosophy.
-
2:28 - 2:31There are amazing things
you can learn as a philosopher, -
2:31 - 2:33and all from the comfort of an armchair.
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2:34 - 2:37But I came from a modest immigrant family
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2:37 - 2:38where my idea of luxury
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2:38 - 2:41was having a pork tongue
and jelly sandwich -
2:41 - 2:43in my school lunchbox,
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2:43 - 2:46so the thought of spending my whole life
-
2:46 - 2:49sitting around in armchairs
just thinking ... -
2:49 - 2:53Well, that struck me as the height
of extravagance and frivolity. -
2:53 - 2:55So I got out my yellow pad,
-
2:55 - 2:57I drew a line down the middle,
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2:57 - 2:59and I tried my best
to think of the reasons -
2:59 - 3:02for and against each alternative.
-
3:03 - 3:05I remember thinking to myself,
-
3:05 - 3:10if only I knew what my life
in each career would be like. -
3:10 - 3:16If only God or Netflix would send me a DVD
of my two possible future careers, -
3:16 - 3:18I'd be set.
-
3:18 - 3:20I'd compare them side by side,
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3:20 - 3:21I'd see that one was better,
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3:21 - 3:23and the choice would be easy.
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3:24 - 3:25But I got no DVD,
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3:26 - 3:29and because I couldn't
figure out which was better, -
3:29 - 3:32I did what many of us do in hard choices:
-
3:32 - 3:34I took the safest option.
-
3:34 - 3:39Fear of being an unemployed philosopher
led me to become a lawyer, -
3:40 - 3:44and as I discovered,
lawyering didn't quite fit. -
3:44 - 3:45It wasn't who I was.
-
3:46 - 3:48So now I'm a philosopher,
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3:48 - 3:49and I study hard choices,
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3:49 - 3:53and I can tell you,
that fear of the unknown, -
3:53 - 3:57while a common motivational default
in dealing with hard choices, -
3:58 - 4:00rests on a misconception of them.
-
4:01 - 4:03It's a mistake to think
that in hard choices, -
4:03 - 4:06one alternative
really is better than the other, -
4:06 - 4:08but we're too stupid to know which,
-
4:08 - 4:10and since we don't know which,
-
4:10 - 4:12we might as well take
the least risky option. -
4:13 - 4:15Even taking two alternatives side by side
-
4:15 - 4:19with full information,
a choice can still be hard. -
4:20 - 4:24Hard choices are hard
not because of us or our ignorance; -
4:24 - 4:27they're hard because there
is no best option. -
4:29 - 4:31Now, if there's no best option,
-
4:31 - 4:36if the scales don't tip in favor
of one alternative over another, -
4:36 - 4:39then surely the alternatives
must be equally good. -
4:40 - 4:42So maybe the right thing
to say in hard choices -
4:42 - 4:44is that they're
between equally good options. -
4:45 - 4:46But that can't be right.
-
4:46 - 4:50If alternatives are equally good,
you should just flip a coin between them, -
4:50 - 4:52and it seems a mistake to think,
-
4:52 - 4:55here's how you should
decide between careers, -
4:55 - 4:56places to live, people to marry:
-
4:57 - 4:58Flip a coin.
-
4:59 - 5:01There's another reason for thinking
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5:01 - 5:05that hard choices aren't choices
between equally good options. -
5:06 - 5:09Suppose you have a choice
between two jobs: -
5:10 - 5:12you could be an investment banker
-
5:13 - 5:15or a graphic artist.
-
5:15 - 5:18There are a variety of things
that matter in such a choice, -
5:18 - 5:21like the excitement of the work,
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5:21 - 5:22achieving financial security,
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5:22 - 5:25having time to raise a family, and so on.
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5:25 - 5:29Maybe the artist's career
puts you on the cutting edge -
5:29 - 5:31of new forms of pictorial expression.
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5:32 - 5:35Maybe the banking career
puts you on the cutting edge -
5:35 - 5:38of new forms of financial manipulation.
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5:38 - 5:39(Laughter)
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5:40 - 5:43Imagine the two jobs however you like,
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5:43 - 5:45so that neither is better than the other.
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5:46 - 5:49Now suppose we improve one of them, a bit.
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5:49 - 5:51Suppose the bank, wooing you,
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5:52 - 5:54adds 500 dollars a month to your salary.
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5:54 - 5:56Does the extra money
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5:56 - 6:00now make the banking job
better than the artist one? -
6:01 - 6:03Not necessarily.
-
6:03 - 6:07A higher salary makes the banking job
better than it was before, -
6:07 - 6:09but it might not be enough
-
6:09 - 6:12to make being a banker
better than being an artist. -
6:13 - 6:18But if an improvement in one of the jobs
doesn't make it better than the other, -
6:18 - 6:21then the two original jobs
could not have been equally good. -
6:22 - 6:24If you start with two things
that are equally good, -
6:24 - 6:26and you improve one of them,
-
6:26 - 6:28it now must be better than the other.
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6:29 - 6:32That's not the case
with options in hard choices. -
6:33 - 6:35So now we've got a puzzle.
-
6:36 - 6:37We've got two jobs.
-
6:37 - 6:41Neither is better than the other,
nor are they equally good. -
6:42 - 6:44So how are we supposed to choose?
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6:44 - 6:47Something seems to have gone wrong here.
-
6:48 - 6:53Maybe the choice itself is problematic,
and comparison is impossible. -
6:54 - 6:56But that can't be right.
-
6:56 - 7:00It's not like we're trying to choose
between two things that can't be compared. -
7:00 - 7:03We're weighing the merits
of two jobs, after all, -
7:03 - 7:06not the merits of the number nine
and a plate of fried eggs. -
7:08 - 7:11A comparison of the overall
merits of two jobs -
7:11 - 7:13is something we can make,
-
7:13 - 7:15and one we often do make.
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7:17 - 7:19I think the puzzle arises
-
7:19 - 7:23because of an unreflective assumption
we make about value. -
7:24 - 7:29We unwittingly assume that values
like justice, beauty, kindness, -
7:30 - 7:35are akin to scientific quantities,
like length, mass and weight. -
7:37 - 7:40Take any comparative question
not involving value, -
7:40 - 7:43such as which of two suitcases is heavier.
-
7:44 - 7:46There are only three possibilities.
-
7:47 - 7:52The weight of one is greater, lesser
or equal to the weight of the other. -
7:53 - 7:56Properties like weight can be
represented by real numbers -- -
7:56 - 7:58one, two, three and so on --
-
7:58 - 8:01and there are only
three possible comparisons -
8:01 - 8:03between any two real numbers.
-
8:03 - 8:07One number is greater, lesser,
or equal to the other. -
8:08 - 8:10Not so with values.
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8:11 - 8:13As post-Enlightenment creatures,
-
8:13 - 8:15we tend to assume
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8:15 - 8:20that scientific thinking holds the key
to everything of importance in our world, -
8:21 - 8:25but the world of value
is different from the world of science. -
8:25 - 8:28The stuff of the one world
can be quantified by real numbers. -
8:28 - 8:31The stuff of the other world can't.
-
8:32 - 8:36We shouldn't assume that the world of is,
of lengths and weights, -
8:36 - 8:39has the same structure
as the world of ought, -
8:39 - 8:40of what we should do.
-
8:41 - 8:43So if what matters to us --
-
8:43 - 8:47a child's delight, the love
you have for your partner — -
8:47 - 8:49can't be represented by real numbers,
-
8:49 - 8:51then there's no reason to believe
-
8:51 - 8:55that in choice, there are only
three possibilities -- -
8:55 - 8:59that one alternative is better,
worse or equal to the other. -
9:00 - 9:05We need to introduce
a new, fourth relation -
9:05 - 9:08beyond being better, worse or equal,
-
9:08 - 9:12that describes what's going on
in hard choices. -
9:12 - 9:15I like to say that
the alternatives are "on a par." -
9:15 - 9:17When alternatives are on a par,
-
9:17 - 9:20it may matter very much which you choose,
-
9:20 - 9:23but one alternative
isn't better than the other. -
9:23 - 9:28Rather, the alternatives are
in the same neighborhood of value, -
9:28 - 9:30in the same league of value,
-
9:30 - 9:34while at the same time
being very different in kind of value. -
9:34 - 9:37That's why the choice is hard.
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9:38 - 9:40Understanding hard choices in this way
-
9:40 - 9:43uncovers something
about ourselves we didn't know. -
9:44 - 9:48Each of us has the power
to create reasons. -
9:50 - 9:53Imagine a world
in which every choice you face -
9:54 - 9:55is an easy choice,
-
9:55 - 9:57that is, there's always
a best alternative. -
9:57 - 10:01If there's a best alternative,
then that's the one you should choose, -
10:01 - 10:02because part of being rational
-
10:02 - 10:05is doing the better thing
rather than the worse thing, -
10:05 - 10:08choosing what you have
most reason to choose. -
10:09 - 10:10In such a world,
-
10:10 - 10:13we'd have most reason
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10:13 - 10:15to wear black socks instead of pink socks,
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10:15 - 10:17to eat cereal instead of donuts,
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10:17 - 10:19to live in the city
rather than the country, -
10:19 - 10:21to marry Betty instead of Lolita.
-
10:21 - 10:27A world full of only easy choices
would enslave us to reasons. -
10:28 - 10:29When you think about it,
-
10:29 - 10:30(Laughter)
-
10:31 - 10:36it's nuts to believe
that the reasons given to you -
10:36 - 10:41dictated that you had
most reason to pursue -
10:41 - 10:43the exact hobbies you do,
-
10:44 - 10:46to live in the exact house you do,
-
10:46 - 10:48to work at the exact job you do.
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10:49 - 10:53Instead, you faced alternatives
that were on a par -- -
10:54 - 10:55hard choices --
-
10:55 - 10:58and you made reasons for yourself
-
10:58 - 11:02to choose that hobby,
that house and that job. -
11:03 - 11:05When alternatives are on a par,
-
11:05 - 11:07the reasons given to us,
-
11:07 - 11:10the ones that determine
whether we're making a mistake, -
11:10 - 11:12are silent as to what to do.
-
11:13 - 11:17It's here, in the space of hard choices,
-
11:17 - 11:20that we get to exercise
our normative power -- -
11:21 - 11:24the power to create reasons for yourself,
-
11:24 - 11:28to make yourself into the kind of person
-
11:28 - 11:32for whom country living
is preferable to the urban life. -
11:33 - 11:37When we choose between options
that are on a par, -
11:37 - 11:40we can do something
really rather remarkable. -
11:40 - 11:43We can put our very selves
behind an option. -
11:44 - 11:46Here's where I stand.
-
11:47 - 11:50Here's who I am, I am for banking.
-
11:50 - 11:52I am for chocolate donuts.
-
11:52 - 11:54(Laughter)
-
11:54 - 11:59This response in hard choices
is a rational response, -
11:59 - 12:01but it's not dictated
by reasons given to us. -
12:01 - 12:06Rather, it's supported
by reasons created by us. -
12:08 - 12:10When we create reasons for ourselves
-
12:10 - 12:14to become this kind
of person rather than that, -
12:14 - 12:17we wholeheartedly become
the people that we are. -
12:18 - 12:21You might say that we become
the authors of our own lives. -
12:23 - 12:28So when we face hard choices,
we shouldn't beat our head against a wall -
12:28 - 12:30trying to figure out
which alternative is better. -
12:30 - 12:32There is no best alternative.
-
12:33 - 12:35Instead of looking for reasons out there,
-
12:35 - 12:37we should be looking for reasons in here:
-
12:38 - 12:39Who am I to be?
-
12:40 - 12:44You might decide to be
a pink sock-wearing, -
12:44 - 12:48cereal-loving, country-living banker,
-
12:48 - 12:51and I might decide to be
a black sock-wearing, -
12:51 - 12:53urban, donut-loving artist.
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12:54 - 12:58What we do in hard choices
is very much up to each of us. -
13:01 - 13:06Now, people who don't exercise
their normative powers in hard choices -
13:06 - 13:07are drifters.
-
13:08 - 13:09We all know people like that.
-
13:09 - 13:11I drifted into being a lawyer.
-
13:11 - 13:14I didn't put my agency behind lawyering.
-
13:14 - 13:15I wasn't for lawyering.
-
13:17 - 13:21Drifters allow the world
to write the story of their lives. -
13:21 - 13:25They let mechanisms
of reward and punishment -- -
13:25 - 13:29pats on the head, fear,
the easiness of an option -- -
13:29 - 13:31to determine what they do.
-
13:32 - 13:34So the lesson of hard choices:
-
13:34 - 13:39reflect on what you can
put your agency behind, -
13:39 - 13:42on what you can be for,
-
13:42 - 13:44and through hard choices,
-
13:44 - 13:45become that person.
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13:47 - 13:50Far from being sources of agony and dread,
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13:50 - 13:53hard choices are precious opportunities
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13:53 - 13:57for us to celebrate what is special
about the human condition, -
13:57 - 14:02that the reasons that govern
our choices as correct or incorrect -
14:02 - 14:04sometimes run out,
-
14:04 - 14:07and it is here, in the space
of hard choices, -
14:07 - 14:11that we have the power
to create reasons for ourselves -
14:11 - 14:14to become the distinctive
people that we are. -
14:14 - 14:17And that's why hard
choices are not a curse -
14:17 - 14:18but a godsend.
-
14:19 - 14:20Thank you.
-
14:20 - 14:24(Applause)
- Title:
- How to make hard choices
- Speaker:
- Ruth Chang
- Description:
-
Here's a talk that could literally change your life. Which career should I pursue? Should I break up — or get married?! Where should I live? Big decisions like these can be agonizingly difficult. But that's because we think about them the wrong way, says philosopher Ruth Chang. She offers a powerful new framework for shaping who we truly are.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 14:41
Krystian Aparta commented on English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Krystian Aparta edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for How to make hard choices |
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was updated on 12/22/2016.