-
[music]
-
[chanting with heavy drums]
-
We are equal,
so we should have the same opportunities.
-
We are not going to let
anyone take our rights.
-
We won't be quiet;
we won't lie down.
-
Enough!
-
We want freedom!
-
So we are not going anywhere
until our demands are met.
-
(narrator) In 2011, a revolutionary
movement ignited across the Middle East.
-
[Shouting, chanting]
-
People cried out for freedom,
democracy, dignity,
-
and demanded an end
to authoritarian rule and corruption.
-
[shouting]
-
Determination and hope
filled the air.
-
We have an opportunity
to build on this momentum.
-
I'm 19 years old, okay,
and I am here to fight.
-
To fight for my freedom
and for my country.
-
[rhythmic clapping, chanting]
-
(woman) We have our rights,
and I will fight for our rights.
-
This is our country,
-
and we are gonna liberate
our country with our hands.
-
We can do it.
-
(Hadi) This was an extraordinary
moment of history.
-
There was no men/women,
nothing about Muslims and Christians,
-
nothing,
everybody supporting everybody.
-
As soon as this cause
has finished, succeed, achieved,
-
mission accomplished,
then differences begin to come.
-
(narrator)
Regimes held for decades crumbled.
-
Others throughout the region
watched with a wary eye.
-
And women, who had stood
shoulder to shoulder with men
-
in the struggle for democracy,
suddenly found themselves pushed aside
-
when it came time
to formulate new governments,
-
their voices silenced.
-
This exclusion of women
was not unique to the Middle East.
-
Activists in other countries
have had similar experiences.
-
(Abiola-Costello)
Men have a way of marginalizing women
-
when the struggle has been won.
-
Because for them, it's about power,
and power need not be shared.
-
So women have to organize,
because when we are organized
-
we become a force.
-
[rhythmic chanting]
-
And women need to be clear about this.
-
We need not just fight for democracy,
-
we must fight
for women's voices in democracy.
-
A movement of democratization
does not necessarily mean
-
a movement that will include women
in terms of equality in laws.
-
President Hosni Mubarak
has stepped down,
-
has stepped down,
bringing his 30 year rule to an end.
-
(woman) These so-called revolutionary
moments that are moments of foundation
-
of a new order are very important,
in the sense that they offer
-
an avenue of opportunities.
-
They are very dangerous also.
-
(female interpreter)
I voted in the election
-
but those
who come to power forget about us.
-
(male interpreter) We wanted
the revolution to produce freedom and dignity,
-
but now we're back to square one.
-
(narrator) Decades of authoritarian rule
stifled the development of democratic forces,
-
leaving little opportunity
for political organizing.
-
Houses of worship,
on the other hand,
-
shielded by religion,
-
thrived as centers
of fundamentalist political activity.
-
(woman) The progressive forces
wanted a free democratic society,
-
but they had really
no experience of how to get there,
-
how to make that kind of society happen,
what are the basic, uh, structures
-
upon which such a society
would be based.
-
And no time: you can immediately
make people go and drop a vote
-
in a ballot box,
but you don't have time enough
-
to form the infrastructure
so that that vote is thought out,
-
and decisions are made
on the basis of the goals clearly stated.
-
[chanting]
-
(narrator)
Determined to create a theocratic state,
-
religious conservatives had
the established networks,
-
the organization,
and the financial resources
-
to quickly mobilize
and fill the leadership void.
-
Resources that were readily provided
by other fundamentalist states
-
in the region.
-
They also had a very simple
but important message:
-
God is on our side,
and a vote for us is a vote for Islam.
-
(male interpreter)
We're here to apply God's Sharia.
-
As long as we love God,
we have to follow his Islamic law.
-
(male interpreter) I don't understand
those who talk about meaningless philosophy
-
and principles and other nonsense,
-
our demand is clear:
it is to apply Islamic Sharia.
-
(narrator) With a long history
of rigged elections, and the rapid emergence
-
of new political parties,
people turned to what they knew,
-
what they felt they could trust:
their religion.
-
And the Islamists promised solutions
to all of their society's problems.
-
[chanting]
-
Consequently, they won elections
in Tunisia, Egypt, and Morocco,
-
putting them in charge of drafting
new constitutions and laws
-
that, once written,
would be hard to change.
-
(woman) Women in particular have
a lot to lose if there are non-democratic,
-
Islamic-oriented parties seizing,
uh, the power, and imposing,
-
uh, rather than allowing a pluralist
voice to be heard in the country.
-
Then what woman have gained
can be seriously challenged,
-
and in some cases, withdrawn,
because rights that are given
-
can easily be taken.
-
When people are in a position,
what they say and do
-
is completely different
when they are in power.
-
When Khomeini, for example,
was in exile,
-
he kept saying that the clerics
are not after state power,
-
but of course we all know what happened
-
when he tasted
the intoxicating taste of power.
-
And he took control of every aspect
of not only the state,
-
but every minute details of peoples' lives
were dictated by the Islamists.
-
(Afkhami)
The power of fundamentalist
-
conservative forces has always been
pushing back the rights of women.
-
The women belong to the private space,
and men to the public space.
-
They concentrate on complementarity,
-
which means women
are complements of the men,
-
but not whole, independent
human beings on their own.
-
So they resent and reject
anything that brings women
-
to a position of equality.
-
In the countries in transition,
I think the role of women is a test,
-
because if you cannot see
full equality for women,
-
you may be sure that you can't see
full equality for any minority.
-
[music]
-
(narrator) The Middle East North Africa region
is comprised of many diverse countries,
-
with different economies,
different governing and legal systems,
-
different local cultures,
but in nearly all of them,
-
women do not have the same rights as men,
either socially or legally.
-
Historically, this was true
across the globe.
-
In Europe, women did not have the right
to vote until the early to mid 1900s.
-
In the United States,
it wasn't until 1920.
-
While many regions have made notable
progress towards equal rights since then,
-
most of the Middle East North Africa
region has not.
-
[music]
-
(woman) Advances in education
and access to health care for women
-
has not led to higher participation
or higher representation,
-
uh, of women in politics
and in the economy,
-
where we know that this
is where the power, uh, is.
-
And so you are in a situation
where patriarchy prevails,
-
where institutions are patriarchal,
governments are patriarchal.
-
If you think about all this together,
you realize how much women's lives,
-
women's bodies, are controlled
by this patriarchal system.
-
(narrator) And nowhere
is that more evident than in family laws.
-
Heavily influenced by religious law,
they determine nearly every aspect
-
of a woman's life:
the right to hold a job
-
even the type of job,
the right to marry, the right to divorce,
-
property rights, education,
inheritance, child custody,
-
even the rights
to pass on her nationality,
-
all in the name of custom and tradition.
-
(Afkhami)
Islamist inspired governments
-
don't seem to have any trouble
with laws changing
-
as you become more modern and engaged
in an industrial and globalized world.
-
So they change commercial laws,
they change economic laws,
-
they change laws regarding politics,
but when it comes to women,
-
suddenly it is only Sharia law
that you have to follow,
-
and Sharia law as interpreted
by a certain, very elite group of clerics.
-
(narrator) Contrary to the revolutionary calls
for freedom and democracy,
-
fundamentalists have been pushing
to enshrine Sharia law
-
into their new constitutions,
further advancing the trend
-
of using religion
as a source of legislation,
-
rather than principles of equality
and human rights.
-
(male interpreter) We have prepared
a complete Islamic constitution,
-
and it contains
nothing else than Islam.
-
And it is not affected by Greek,
Persian, or Indian philosophy.
-
(narrator) This not only threatens women,
it also affects minorities,
-
and leaves legal interpretations
to a small group of religious leaders.
-
(female interpreter)
We have made many gains in the past era.
-
We hope they won't be taken away from us,
like the right to divorce.
-
For many years, women suffered in courts.
-
Why do they want
to strip us of that right?
-
(narrator) Intent on turning back the clock,
religious fundamentalists not only
-
want to take away
a woman's right to divorce,
-
they're calling to reinstate practices
-
like polygamy
and female genital mutilation.
-
Practices that bring
significant danger and harm to women.
-
(male interpreter)
The rule that limited
-
the number of wives
to one is against Sharia law,
-
and it should be banned.
-
(male narrator) I like Jalil's opinion
about having not one wife, but two or three.
-
I think this is right
because Sharia law says so.
-
(narrator) In Egypt,
newly elected conservative Islamists
-
are calling
to lower the age of marriage
-
for girls from 18
to as young as 9 years old.
-
Violence against women
is very much linked
-
to woman's overall status in society.
-
So it's not just the harm done,
which the governments are very happy
-
to accept as harm done,
because, uh, they can be benevolent
-
and find ways of preventing,
protecting a woman from violence.
-
But the challenge is to insist that
it's not only a matter of harm done
-
but woman's subordinated position
is what is at stake here.
-
So unless the patriarchal structures
are challenged,
-
woman will always be a target
of indiscreet forms of violence.
-
(female interpreter) We are stripped
of our dignity when we use public transportation.
-
It is used in every conservative society
-
to oblige women
not to be part of the public life.
-
Because if you are part
of the public life,
-
that mean men can
sexually harass you.
-
(male reporter) Hundreds of protesters
have gathered outside
-
a central courthouse
in the Tunisian capital of Tunis
-
to support a 27-year-old woman
-
who has been accused
of violating indecency laws
-
after she was allegedly raped
by police officers.
-
The case has highlighted fears
that the traditionally secular country
-
could be falling under the influence
of Islamist fundamentalists.
-
[chanting]
-
(narrator) Since the revolutions,
acts of intimidation
-
and violence against women
in public demonstrations
-
have increased across the region.
-
Some have even been committed
by government forces.
-
(female reporter)
This video shows a young woman
-
being beaten and stripped by soldiers.
-
(narrator)
Others by gangs of young men.
-
(male reporter) A young student
journalist was being subjected
-
to the most horrendous
sexual assault by a mob of men.
-
(narrator) And most are not prosecuted,
sending a very troubling message
-
that women in public are fair game,
particularly women activists.
-
(female interpreter)
It's totally obvious that some of them
-
intend to scare women
away from the square.
-
(male interpreter) Most of the time,
they form a long chain,
-
moving together,
-
their hands on each other's backs,
like a train.
-
(female interpreter)
They attack the girls:
-
they rip their clothes off
and sexually assaulted them.
-
(male interpreter)
We went to rescue the girl.
-
Suddenly all of them took out weapons:
switchblades and knives.
-
And those that didn't have weapons
took off their belts to beat us with.
-
(female interpreter) We received a lot of reports
about the incidents of sexual assault
-
that are taking place,
and we believe that they are all exeucted
-
in a similar way,
and we feel that the assaults are organized.
-
But that's not going to stop us
from going to the square,
-
because we have to expose
the people behind this.
-
[machine gunfire]
-
(Khader)
In a society like Libya, for example,
-
and Syria now, woman are raped,
woman are really victims
-
not only because they are citizens
in a country that has physical conflict
-
but also because
they are woman in this society.
-
In Egypt, a whole group
of women's rights activists
-
have been fighting for many years
to bring some marginal improvements
-
to the legislation.
-
They had, for instance,
-
a success with the no fault divorce,
the khula.
-
However, these were appropriated
by the ruling regime,
-
and they became
Suzanne Mubarek's law,
-
and created what you might call
a "first lady syndrome,"
-
so that the women's rights agenda
became appropriated
-
by the national machineries.
-
So, as a result, the detractors
now claim that these were simply
-
the apparatuses of a corrupt regime.
-
(Afkhami)
This is what happens with the backlash
-
in terms of trying to disempower women,
to tell them that they have no agency,
-
that they don't make any difference,
that they can't change their own lives.
-
So denying those changes,
and denying the role of women
-
in thinking about those changes,
is one of the strategies that they use.
-
(narrator) With the region's
strategic location and abundance of oil,
-
geopolitical issues have had
a long, complex history,
-
burdened with the legacies
of colonialism and Cold War politics.
-
Historically, international powers
have focused on political stability
-
and commercial interests,
often at the expense
-
of human rights and democracy.
-
Then, in 2001, geopolitical concerns
took on another dimension.
-
[ambulance siren]
-
(Erturk) After 9/11, national security
became a number one concern.
-
And human security
became, uh, marginalized.
-
Uh, and woman's groups,
uh, woman's rights issues,
-
uh, particularly became targeted,
not only because states' willingness
-
uh, on this platform has, uh,
diminished, or the priority has gone down,
-
but the whole security discourse
created new, uh, hardline political actors
-
to become more effective
throughout the world.
-
(Kandiyoti)
Women's rights issues and geopolitics
-
may seem poles apart,
but they're not.
-
I think that a lot is going
to be sacrificed and overlooked
-
on the altar of geopolitics,
by which I mean successor regimes
-
in the MENA region.
-
I think that as long as they
toe the line of being market economies.
-
following a broadly sympathetic agenda
to the powers of the West,
-
nobody will look very closely
at what they do internally.
-
(narrator)
And that puts struggling democracies
-
and the future of minority
and women's rights in jeopardy.
-
(Afkhami) International support
makes a huge difference.
-
If people around the world
understand what is at stake,
-
that womens' role is completely
interconnected with the possibilities
-
of living in a modern
and democratic society
-
and a developed society
with economic well-being,
-
and that this kind of society's
indispensable to peace and safety
-
for everyone across the world.
-
(female reporter)
Activist Amal Dalhadi
-
says it's time
Egypt's majority population
-
women, get equal rights.
-
No discrimination on any basis:
-
not on gender issues,
not on religious issues.
-
(female interperter)
The main challenge in Egypt
-
is similar to other Arab countries
-
where political Islam
now holds power.
-
These forces don't allow
for a genuine participation of women.
-
There is also the added problem
-
that the Islamists
have a wide community outreach,
-
particularly in poorer areas,
making women's participation
-
especially difficult.
-
(narrator) In Tunisia,
fundamentalists tried to include
-
the concept of complementarity
in their new constitution
-
to legally define
a woman's role in society.
-
Activists, however,
organized and defeated that measure.
-
But in Egypt, women were blocked
from the constitutional committee
-
altogether in a power grab
by Islamist parties.
-
The way that the-the party has been ruled
so far, uh, did not really allow
-
for strong participation or inclusion
of women in decision making.
-
We thought that
-
with a new democratic Egypt
this would be over.
-
(narrator)
And in Jordan and Morocco,
-
countries that didn't
experience regime change,
-
women's rights activists
have been seeking
-
constitutional reforms for decades,
only to face familiar resistance.
-
Many of our recommendations
were taken into consideration,
-
but in the last moment
they'd remove one word
-
which was essential for woman's rights,
which is equality between all citizens
-
despite of their religious,
language, or race or sex.
-
They, eh, eh, em, removed the word sex.
-
And some of them, of course,
-
they said all citizens
means all men and woman in the country.
-
But if it is the same,
why you remove it?
-
So it is really very worrying,
that the addition of powers
-
are still trying to play this superiority
of men over women in the society.
-
(narrator) But in Morocco,
activists were able to counter
-
long-held conservative
religious arguments.
-
(female interpreter) We were able
to utilize and base our case
-
on interpretations made
by imminent Muslim scholars
-
who have proven that you can live
in Muslim countries
-
while being modern countries,
-
and still have access
to fundamental liberties and rights.
-
(narrator) Their efforts resulted in
reforms that not only guaranteed equality
-
between men and women,
but also stated that international law
-
supersedes national law
when it comes to these issues.
-
(female interpreter) The clear
recognition within the constitution
-
that men and women are equal,
particularly in a civil code,
-
which is where individual liberties
are determined,
-
that recognition was a tremendous step
forward for us.
-
There is a political will,
-
but also mobilizing the women's movement
is very important.
-
We know how to work together,
-
and we also know how to build alliances
and create strategies
-
to be able to have an impact on the street
and also on the decision-makers.
-
(narrator) Achieving constitutional change
was a huge success,
-
but getting these rights implemented
is still a challenge.
-
And with Islamists
winning recent elections,
-
activists are certain
to face more resistance.
-
(female interpreter)
With the rise of the PJD,
-
the situation of women
will become even worse.
-
We want moderates,
but these Islamists are not moderate.
-
They all hold extremist views on women.
-
(female interpreter) What's so
interesting to observe currently in Morocco
-
is how they will manage
these contradictions
-
between a constitution
that clearly defines values,
-
and their own values,
which are closer to Islam:
-
cultural specificity,
the family, and so on.
-
I think they have to evolve
because otherwise they cannot manage
-
these contradictions
and these paradoxes.
-
Morocco has progressed.
-
We cannot go back 20 years.
-
So they will also have to evolve.
-
(male reporter) Chief Mohan Bhagwat's
go a step further:
-
In a speech in Indore
he said that women
-
must restrict themselves
to household work.
-
(female reporter) And in Madhya Pradesh,
a PJD Prime Minister Kailsah Vijayvargiya
-
said rape is punishment for women
who cross the limits of decency.
-
(male reporter) This shy eight-year-old girl
has become the face of a national battle
-
against extremist, ultraorthodox Jews.
-
Israel is outraged by the story
of Naama Margolese,
-
a second grade student who fears
walking to her religious girls' school
-
because of ultraorthodox radicals
who have cursed and spat upon her
-
for dressing in a fashion
they consider immodest.
-
The political field has changed
because now
-
there is a much stronger presence
of religious radicalists.
-
And, uh, while we talk a lot
about Islam, sometimes we forget
-
about Christian radicalism,
with Evangelical churches in plural,
-
with Catholic church,
-
and with their sacred alliances
in many issues,
-
and against particularly
when women's body,
-
and decision over her body
is the target.
-
What does that make her?
-
It makes her a slut, right?
-
After that huge firestorm
developing after Rush Limbaugh's
-
controversial comments
on his radio show
-
about a Georgetown student
in the center of a battle
-
over contraception
and religious rights.
-
(Kanyoro)
Now we see in the United States,
-
with the Rightest movement growing,
and putting down the issues
-
of women's reproductive health,
women's choices,
-
and making most unbelievable statements
to young women who never even knew
-
that there were issues
about use of contraceptives.
-
[chanting]
-
Murder is murder,
no matter what you call it.
-
(Kanyoro) They believe that
that was a right that women had received,
-
and they would retain it forever,
so we must have a place of defending
-
what we have achieved.
-
In structures of power,
the way women have been treated,
-
the way women have been positioned,
is really very similar in spite of the va-
-
uh, differences in style
and in implementation.
-
And the only way that we can change
that situation is by solidarity
-
across borders, across religions,
across culture.
-
Where is the women's voice to define
a different understanding of religion?
-
Now is the time.
-
What is most important is to rebuild
powers on the ground,
-
and to empower woman and men
who are really pro-democracy,
-
who are really, eh, fighting
for their right to be united,
-
and to be working together
to see some changes.
-
Democracy is a work in progress,
and it needs support.
-
Especially in places
where the forces against democracy
-
are very well-organized,
and very resource rich.
-
So we need help to support the development
-
of economic and social progress,
and skills building.
-
I mean, I think all of these are issues
that women have to be involved in...
-
That kind of thing
is a lot cheaper than wars,
-
it's a lot cheaper
than any kind of, uh, conflict,
-
and, uh, it's something that,
uh, is to the benefit of all.
-
(Abou-Habib)
It takes years of working
-
with local communities,
to maintain the capacities
-
on what is participating in leadership,
what really is democracy,
-
before you get to this moment
where a group of women
-
can actually visualize it
as part of their lives.
-
Before, uh, women would stop and say,
well, you know what,
-
um, I can't take abuse anymore,
-
or I will not vote
the way my husband wants me to vote.
-
This is not a mechanical process;
-
this is really breaking a vicious circle
that have been passed on generationally,
-
and that are reproduced
not only in the household,
-
at schools, in the media,
-
and we know that this is
incredibly difficult.
-
(Obaid)
To get more women participating
-
what is required is pressure,
-
mobilization, discourse,
interactions, coalitions,
-
to be active in syndicates -
professional syndicates,
-
labor unions, uh,
media groups, whatever,
-
uh, so that they are present there
not just as women
-
but as women professionals
in their own rights.
-
So opening channels
and getting allliances
-
with men groups is quite critical,
there's no escape from that.
-
Otherwise, the woman's movement
would remain an isolated,
-
excluded movement from the mainstream
of political formations of the countries.
-
(Abou-Habib)
Let us be honest and say
-
that fundamentalists have invaded
the virtual world way before us.
-
So now, more than ever,
it is important for us to be there,
-
to be out there making sure
that this tool is accessible more and more
-
for our own constituency,
-
and more and more
for increasing that constituency.
-
(Abiola-Costello)
And we have to begin to link, ah,
-
absence from the democratic process
-
with real outcomes
in the lives of our people.
-
In Nigeria, 60% of our women
will give birth without a birth attendant.
-
How is that possible 12 years
into the democratic system that we have?
-
We must link the absence,
the inability of our government
-
to address the needs of women
to the fact that women are not there
-
at the decision making table.
-
Women's rights
should be institutionalized.
-
(Obaid)
Media, of course,
-
plays a very important role
in order to see the link
-
between women's rights and human rights.
-
Unless this link is made
between women's rights
-
and the rights of all citizens
-
for a democratic state
that respects everybody
-
regardless of any differentiation
eh, the democracy will be truncated,
-
will be democracy for men
and not democracy for women,
-
and that's not democracy.
-
(Kandiyoti) Look at what has happened
to the opposition movement in Iran.
-
Now you have Iranian men
who have finally understood
-
that you cannot separate
the issue of women's rights
-
from the issue of democracy.
-
But I wish that it wouldn't take
30 years of theocratic rule
-
to get that simple message across
to the other countries within our region.
-
(female interpreter) Our main asset
is that we consider our cause to be just.
-
And when one is sure
that one's cause is just,
-
we can defend it to anyone.
-
(Obaid)
As I look into the future,
-
I'm hoping that men will look
into their hearts,
-
and that they would know
that democratic process
-
has no value if women are not part of it.
-
And therefore they have
to also extend themselves
-
in order to build coalition
with women
-
so that true democracy,
that's built on equality
-
between men and women,
becomes the real life
-
of the people in the region.
-
My [unintelligible]
is no discrimination of any kind
-
because it dehumanizes people,
-
and when every Egyptian feel
-
an equal, useful,
productive, powerful human.
-
(female interperter)
It used to be said
-
that Arab people were a resigned people.
-
But they took to the streets,
they protested.
-
And I think all governments to come
will have to take that into account.
-
And we can only go forward,
despite the challenges,
-
despite everything that's going on,
I am certain that we will move forward.
-
(woman) We're showing
the children that they have a voice.
-
They can be heard.
-
Because a lot of them
were always brought up as:
-
no, you can't talk,
no, we're scared,
-
no, he's gonna come after you.
-
Now we're pushing them,
eh, to have a voice
-
and say what they think,
and say how they feel.
-
(Kandiyoti)
My greatest hope is with a new generation.
-
Because I think
we now have a new generation
-
that has been raised with expectations
of having choice and having dignity.
-
We will not be silenced,
and we will not be kept away.
-
Amazing what we're seeing here,
-
'cuz we never thought
women would actually go out in Libya.
-
Almost all of these women
here are protesting
-
for the very first time
in their lives.
-
(woman) We have seen them
on television screens, on the internet.
-
We have heard their voices.
-
And they do not want to be ruled
-
in the manner
of their parents' generation
-
We want to take this country
into the future.
-
We're not gonna go back.
-
Even if the men decide to give up,
-
the woman will continue
with the revolution.
-
We know our cause is just.
-
We are committed.
-
We are inspired.
-
We will fight,
and we will get our rights.
-
[music]