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When, in 1960, still a student,
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I got a traveling fellowship
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to study housing in North America.
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We traveled the country.
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We saw public housing high rise buildings
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in all major cities:
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New York, Philadelphia.
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Those who have no choice lived there.
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And then we traveled from suburb to suburb,
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and I came back thinking,
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we've got to reinvent the apartment building.
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There has to be another way of doing this.
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We can't sustain suburbs,
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so let's design a building
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which gives the qualities of a house
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to each unit.
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Habitat would be all about gardens,
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contact with nature,
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streets instead of corridors.
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We prefabricated it so we would achieve economy,
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and there it is almost 50 years later.
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It's a very desirable place to live in.
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It's now a heritage building,
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but it did not proliferate.
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In 1973, I made my first trip to China.
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It was the Cultural Revolution.
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We traveled the country,
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met with architects and planners.
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This is Beijing then,
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not a single high rise building
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in Beijing or Shanghai.
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Shenzhen didn't event exist as a city.
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There were hardly any cars.
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Thirty years later,
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this is Beijing today.
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This is Hong Kong.
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If you're wealthy, you live there,
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if you're poor, you live there,
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but high density it is, and it's not just Asia.
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São Paulo, you can travel
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in a helicopter 45 minutes
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seeing those high rise buildings consume
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the 19th century low-rise environment.
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And with it, comes congestion,
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and we lose mobility, and so on and so forth.
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So a few years ago, we decided to go back
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and rethink Habitat.
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Could we make it more affordable?
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Could we actually achieve this quality of life
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and the densities that are prevailing today?
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And we realized, it's basically about light,
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it's about sun, it's about nature,
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it's about fractalization.
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Can we open the surface of the building
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so it has more contact with the exterior?
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We came up with a number of models:
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economy models, cheaper to build and more compact;
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membranes of housing
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which people could design their own house
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and create their own gardens.
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And then we decided to take New York as a test case,
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and we looked at Lower Manhattan.
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And we mapped all the building area in Manhattan.
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On the left is Manhattan today:
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blue for housing, red for office buildings, retail.
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On the right, we reconfigured it:
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the office buildings form the base,
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and then rising 75 stories above,
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are apartments.
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There's a street in the air on the 25th level,
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a community street.
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It's permeable.
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There are gardens and open spaces
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for the community,
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almost every unit with its own private garden,
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and community space all around.
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And most important, permeable, open.
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It does not form a wall or an obstruction in the city,
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and light permeates everywhere.
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And in the last two or three years,
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we've actually been, for the first time,
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realizing the quality of life of Habitat
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in real life projects across Asia.
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This in Qinhuangdao in China:
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middle income housing, where there is a bylaw
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that every apartment must receive
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three hours of sunglight.
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That's measured in the winter solstice.
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And under construction in Singapore,
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again middle-income housing, gardens,
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community streets and parks and so on and so forth.
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And Colombo.
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And I want to touch on one more issue
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which is the design of the public realm.
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A hundred years after we've began building
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with tall buildings,
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we are yet to understand
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how the tall high rise building
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becomes a building block in making a city,
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in creating the public realm.
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In Singapore, we had an opportunity:
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10 million square feet, extremely high density.
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Taking the concept of outdoor and indoor,
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promenades and parks integrated
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with intense urban life.
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So they are outdoor spaces and indoor spaces,
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and you move from one to the other,
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and there is contact with nature,
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and most relevantly, at every level of the structure,
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public gardens and open space.
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On the roof of the podium,
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climbing up the towers,
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and finally on the roof, the sky park,
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two and a half acres, jogging paths, restaurants,
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and the world's longest swimming pool.
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And that's all I can tell you in five minutes.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)