Is there scientific proof we can heal ourselves? | Lissa Rankin | TEDxAmericanRiviera
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0:15 - 0:18Can the mind really heal the body?
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0:18 - 0:22And if so, is there
any scientific evidence -
0:22 - 0:26to convince
skeptical physicians like me? -
0:26 - 0:29These are the questions that fueled
the last few years of my research -
0:29 - 0:32and what I discovered is that
the scientific community, -
0:32 - 0:37the medical establishment,
has being proving for over 50 years, -
0:37 - 0:39that the mind can heal the body.
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0:39 - 0:41We call it the "placebo effect".
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0:41 - 0:44And we've been trying
to outsmart it for decades. -
0:44 - 0:46(Laughter)
-
0:46 - 0:50The placebo effect is a thorn in the side
of the medical establishment. -
0:50 - 0:53It's an inconvenient truth,
that gets in between, -
0:53 - 0:58trying to bring new treatments, new
surgeries into the medical establishment. -
0:58 - 1:03So it's a problem!
Supposedly. -
1:03 - 1:05But I actually think,
this is really good news! -
1:05 - 1:07The placebo effect is excellent news!
-
1:07 - 1:09Because it's concrete evidence
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1:09 - 1:14that the body holds within it
innate self repair mechanisms -
1:14 - 1:20that can make unthinkable
things happen to the body. -
1:20 - 1:21So, if you find this surprising,
-
1:21 - 1:24if you have a hard time believing
that the body can heal itself, -
1:24 - 1:27you need look no further than
The Spontaneous Remission Project, -
1:27 - 1:30a database compiled
by the Institute of Noetic Sciences -
1:30 - 1:34of over 3500 case studies
in the medical literature -
1:34 - 1:38of patients who have gotten better
from seemingly "incurable" illnesses. -
1:38 - 1:40You think there's such
a thing as an incurable illness? -
1:40 - 1:44I swear, if you go look at this database,
it will blow your mind. -
1:44 - 1:45Everything is in there.
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1:45 - 1:49Stage 4 cancers that disappeared
without treatment. -
1:49 - 1:53HIV positive patients,
that became HIV negative. -
1:53 - 1:57Heart disease, kidney failure,
diabetes, high blood pressure, -
1:57 - 2:00thyroid disease,
autoimmune diseases, gone. -
2:00 - 2:03A great example of this
in the medical literature, -
2:03 - 2:08is a case study from 1957 of Mr. Wright
who had advanced lymphosarcoma. -
2:08 - 2:12So, things weren't going well for
Mr. Wright, time was really running out. -
2:12 - 2:18He had tumors the size of oranges in his
armpits, neck, chest, abdomen. -
2:18 - 2:20His liver and spleen were enlarged,
-
2:20 - 2:23and his lungs were filling up with
two quarts of milky fluid every day -
2:23 - 2:25that have to be drained
in order for him to breathe. -
2:25 - 2:27But Mr. Wright wasn't giving up hope.
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2:27 - 2:30He had heard about
this wonder drug called Krebiozen, -
2:30 - 2:32and he was begging his doctor,
-
2:32 - 2:35"Come on, just give me some of that
Krebiozen, it's all going to be good." -
2:35 - 2:39Now, unfortunately the Krebiozen was
only available on a research protocol -
2:39 - 2:41and the protocol required that the doctor
be able to make an assessment -
2:41 - 2:44that says that this guy has
at least three months to live. -
2:44 - 2:46And his doctor,
Dr. West just couldn't do that. -
2:46 - 2:49But Mr. Wright was tenacious
and he didn't give up. -
2:49 - 2:51He kept badgering his doctor,
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2:51 - 2:54until finally his doctor was like,
"OK, fine I'll give you the Krebiozen." -
2:54 - 2:56So he dosed him up on a Friday,
-
2:56 - 3:00not expecting that Mr. Wright
would make it through the weekend. -
3:00 - 3:03But to his utter shock, when Dr. West
came in to do rounds on Monday, -
3:03 - 3:05Mr. Wright was up,
walking around the wards, -
3:05 - 3:09and his tumors had shrunk
to half of their original size. -
3:09 - 3:11They had melted like
snowballs on a hot stove. -
3:11 - 3:14And ten days after getting
the Krebiozen, they were gone. -
3:14 - 3:16So Mr. Wright was up
rocking and rolling like crazy -
3:16 - 3:21and Krebiozen is the miracle drug
he believed it to be, for two months, -
3:21 - 3:23until the initial reports
came out about Krebiozen -
3:23 - 3:27that said that it didn't really look like
Krebiozen was working so well. -
3:27 - 3:30Mr. Wright fell into a deep depression
and his cancer came back. -
3:30 - 3:35This time Dr. West decided to get sneaky,
and he told his patient, that, -
3:35 - 3:38"You know that Krebiozen that you got,
that was a tainted version, not so good. -
3:38 - 3:42But I got us some ultrapure
highly concentrated Krebiozen, -
3:42 - 3:45This stuff's got it going on."
-
3:45 - 3:50He then injected Mr. Wright
with nothing but distilled water. -
3:50 - 3:54And once again, the tumors disappeared,
the fluid in his lungs went away. -
3:54 - 3:57Mr. Wright was up rocking and rolling
for another two months. -
3:57 - 4:02And then the American Medical Association
blew it, by publishing on a nationwide study -
4:02 - 4:06that prooved definitively that
Krebiozen was worthless. -
4:06 - 4:10Two days later, Mr. Wright
after hearing this news died. -
4:10 - 4:12Soon after that,
I came across another study -
4:12 - 4:16in the medical literature
that was the stuff of fairy tales. -
4:16 - 4:18Three baby girls were born,
delivered by a midwife, -
4:18 - 4:23on Friday the 13th in the Okefenokee
Swamp, near the Georgia-Florida border. -
4:23 - 4:25And the midwife pronounced
that these three babies, -
4:25 - 4:28born on such a faithful day,
were all hexed. -
4:28 - 4:31The first, she said, would die
before her 16th birthday. -
4:31 - 4:34The second, before her 21st.
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4:34 - 4:37The third, before her 23rd birthday.
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4:37 - 4:41And as it turned out, the first girl died
the day before her 16th birthday, -
4:41 - 4:45the second died the day
before her 21st birthday, -
4:45 - 4:48and the third girl, who knew what
had happened to the other two, -
4:48 - 4:50got wind of that, and the day
before her 23rd birthday, -
4:50 - 4:52she showed at the hospital
hyperventilating, -
4:52 - 4:55begging them,
to make sure she survived. -
4:55 - 4:57She wound up dying that night.
-
4:57 - 5:00These two case studies are great
examples from the medical literature -
5:00 - 5:05of the placebo effect, and
its opposite, the nocebo effect. -
5:05 - 5:09When Mr. Wright got that distilled
water and his tumors melted away, -
5:09 - 5:11that's a great example
of the placebo effect. -
5:11 - 5:14When you get a seemingly
inert treatment -
5:14 - 5:17and yet something is happening
physiologically in the body, -
5:17 - 5:19such that the disease goes away.
-
5:19 - 5:21The nocebo effect is the opposite.
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5:21 - 5:24So the three hexed girls are
an example of the nocebo effect. -
5:24 - 5:27When the minds believed that something
bad is going to happen in the body -
5:27 - 5:30then it comes to manifest.
-
5:30 - 5:33So the scientific literature
that medical journals -
5:33 - 5:34like the New England
Journal of Medicine -
5:34 - 5:36and the Journal of the American
Medical Association, -
5:36 - 5:41these scientific journals are
full of evidence that the placebo effect, -
5:41 - 5:44and the nocebo effect
are incredibly powerful. -
5:44 - 5:46We've known this since the 1950s,
-
5:46 - 5:49and we've seen countless case studies
-
5:49 - 5:52that showed that in almost
everything you study, -
5:52 - 5:56if you give people
a fake treatment, a sugar pill -
5:56 - 6:00a saline injection, or most effectively,
a fake surgery, -
6:00 - 6:04(Laughter)
-- yeah, really -- -
6:04 - 6:0818-80% of the time, people get better.
-
6:08 - 6:11And it's not just in the mind, that's
what I thought in the beginning, -
6:11 - 6:13like "Oh! They're just feeling better,
they're thinking better." -
6:13 - 6:16But is not. It's actually in their physiology.
This is measurable. -
6:16 - 6:18You can actually see
what happens to the body. -
6:18 - 6:21So for example patients getting placebos
-
6:21 - 6:24were found to have
ulcers that healed, -
6:24 - 6:28colons that became less inflamed,
bronchia that dilated -
6:28 - 6:32warts that disappeared, cells
looked different under the microscope. -
6:32 - 6:34It's provable, it's happening in the body,
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6:34 - 6:37even though it's initiated by the mind.
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6:37 - 6:41So, when you look at these,
some of the studies are just amazing. -
6:41 - 6:42I love the Rogain studies.
-
6:42 - 6:44You get a bunch of bald men,
you give them placebos. -
6:44 - 6:48They grow hair!
(Laughter) -
6:48 - 6:52The opposite is also true,
so if you give people a placebo -
6:52 - 6:54and you tell them it's chemotherapy,
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6:54 - 6:57they vomit, and they lose their hair.
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6:57 - 6:59So this is really happening in the body.
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6:59 - 7:00My question was,
-
7:00 - 7:04Is it just the mind's positive belief
that's making this happen? -
7:04 - 7:07Not according to Harvard
researcher Ted Kaptchuk. -
7:07 - 7:11According to him, he thinks
that the most essential part -
7:11 - 7:15is actually the nurturing care
of a health care provider, -
7:15 - 7:18more so even than
the mind's positive belief -
7:18 - 7:23that some of the studies actually say
that the doctor is the placebo or can be. -
7:23 - 7:25So Ted Kaptchuk wanted to study this,
-
7:25 - 7:28and he did a great study
looking at patients -
7:28 - 7:31that were getting
placebos for an illness, -
7:31 - 7:32for treatment of an illness
and he told them, -
7:32 - 7:35"You're getting a placebo,
there's nothing in here, -
7:35 - 7:40inert ingredients, nothing active."
They still got better. -
7:40 - 7:45Most likely, Kaptchuk postulated,
because they felt tended, nurtured, -
7:45 - 7:49they felt like they were doing something,
they felt like somebody cared. -
7:49 - 7:53So to say that you can heal yourself
is sort of a misnomer. -
7:53 - 7:55You know, the body can heal itself.
-
7:55 - 7:58The body has this innate
natural self repair mechanisms, -
7:58 - 8:02but the scientific data
proves that you need -
8:02 - 8:07the tending nurturing care of a healthcare
provider, of some sort of a healer, -
8:07 - 8:09to facilitate that process.
-
8:09 - 8:11It's not an easy process
to go through alone, -
8:11 - 8:12so it makes a big difference
-
8:12 - 8:15if somebody else is holding
that positive belief with you. -
8:15 - 8:19But the problem is while
the doctor can be the placebo, -
8:19 - 8:21the doctor can also be the nocebo.
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8:21 - 8:25So, what patients need from us,
as healthcare providers, -
8:25 - 8:31they need us to be forces of healing,
not forces of fear or pessimism. -
8:31 - 8:35So every time your doctor tells you,
"You have an incurable illness, -
8:35 - 8:40you're going to have to take that
medication for the rest of your life," -
8:40 - 8:42Or God forbid,
you get cancer and they say, -
8:42 - 8:45"You've got a 5% five-year survival rate."
-
8:45 - 8:49It's really no different that when
that midwife told those three baby girls -
8:49 - 8:51that they were hexed.
-
8:51 - 8:54It's a form of medical hexing
that's so prevalent. -
8:54 - 8:56As doctors, we think
we're being realistic, you know? -
8:56 - 8:59We're giving people the kind of information
we think they need to know, -
8:59 - 9:01but we actually can be harming them.
-
9:01 - 9:04Instead we need be more
like Dr. West. You know? -
9:04 - 9:06Picking that distilled water,
"Really Mr.Wright, -
9:06 - 9:09I promise, this is going to
do it for you." -
9:09 - 9:13But do we have to count on
our doctors to dupe us? -
9:13 - 9:19Do we have to get fake surgeries and
fake drugs, and wind up in clinical trials. -
9:19 - 9:22This is what led
the next phase of my research. -
9:22 - 9:24So in my last TEDx talk,
l talked about -
9:24 - 9:26a new wellness model
that I developed, -
9:26 - 9:28called the whole health cairn,
-
9:28 - 9:32and this came about
as part of my research, -
9:32 - 9:36trying to find how else can
we harness this mind's power -
9:36 - 9:39that's clearly evidenced by the
placebo effect and the nocebo effect, -
9:39 - 9:42can we do something without
being in a clinical trial? -
9:42 - 9:45And my hypothesis was that
in order to heal ourselves, -
9:45 - 9:47in order to be optimally healthy,
-
9:47 - 9:53we need more than just a good diet,
regular exercise program, -
9:53 - 9:56getting enough sleep, taking your
vitamins, following your doctors orders. -
9:56 - 9:58Those things all are great,
and critical and important. -
9:58 - 10:02But I also came to believe that
we need healthy relationships, -
10:02 - 10:06a healthy professional life,
a healthy creative life, -
10:06 - 10:08a healthy spiritual life,
a healthy sex life, -
10:08 - 10:11a healthy financial life,
a healthy environment. -
10:11 - 10:14In essence, we need a healthy mind.
-
10:14 - 10:18So I wanted to try to prove this, and
I went into the medical literature -
10:18 - 10:21and the copious data that I found,
-
10:21 - 10:25proving that all of those things
are essential, really blew my mind. -
10:25 - 10:28I compiled them all into my upcoming book,
-
10:28 - 10:32"Mind Over Medicine: Scientific
proof you can heal yourself". -
10:32 - 10:36But I want to give you a few highlights
about what this is all about. -
10:36 - 10:38So you can see from
the whole health cairn, -
10:38 - 10:41that all this facets are built upon
a foundation stone -
10:41 - 10:43that I call your inner pilot light.
-
10:43 - 10:46And for me that's the essential
authentic part of you, -
10:46 - 10:48that knows what's true for you.
-
10:48 - 10:52That's willing to tell you the truth about
maybe what's out of alignment in your life, -
10:52 - 10:55what stones in your whole health cairn
might be out of balance. -
10:55 - 10:57And as you see I've put the body,
physical health, -
10:57 - 10:59on the top of the whole health cairn
-
10:59 - 11:01because it's the most fragile,
the most precarious, -
11:01 - 11:04and the most easy to kind
of fall out of balance -
11:04 - 11:07if other things in your life
aren't going so well. -
11:07 - 11:11So what I found in the medical data
is that relationships matter. -
11:11 - 11:15People that have a strong social network
have half the rate of heart disease -
11:15 - 11:17compared to those who are lonely.
-
11:17 - 11:23Married people are twice as likely
to live long lives than unmarried people. -
11:23 - 11:25In fact, curing your loneliness maybe
-
11:25 - 11:29the most important measure of prevention
you can enact upon your body. -
11:29 - 11:33More so than quitting smoking
or starting to exercise. -
11:33 - 11:35Your spiritual life matters.
-
11:35 - 11:39Those who attend religious services
live up to fourteen years longer. -
11:39 - 11:41Your professional life matters.
-
11:41 - 11:44You really can work yourself to death.
In Japan they call it karoshi. -
11:44 - 11:51Death by overwork, and the survivors
of those who die of karoshi, -
11:51 - 11:54can actually apply for workmen's
complaint benefits in Japan. -
11:54 - 11:58But it's not just Japan, it's actually
happening even more in the United States, -
11:58 - 12:00we just don't get benefits here.
-
12:00 - 12:03So one study found that people
that fail to take their vacation, -
12:03 - 12:06are actually a third more likely
to get heart disease. -
12:06 - 12:08Τhe attitude really matters.
-
12:08 - 12:12Ηappy people live 7 to 10 years
longer than unhappy people, -
12:12 - 12:18and optimists are 77% less likely
to get heart disease than pessimists. -
12:18 - 12:20So how does this happen?
-
12:20 - 12:24What is happening in the brain
that is making the body change? -
12:24 - 12:26This is what's fascinating to me.
-
12:26 - 12:29I found that the brain communicates
with all the cells in the body -
12:29 - 12:32via hormones and neurotransmitters.
-
12:32 - 12:34So, for example, if you have
a negative thought, belief -
12:34 - 12:38or feeling in the brain,
your brain triggers this as a threat. -
12:38 - 12:39Something's wrong.
-
12:39 - 12:41If you feel lonely or pessimistic,
things are bad at work, -
12:41 - 12:45you are in a toxic relationship,
the amygdala says, "Τhreat! Τhreat!" -
12:45 - 12:49and it turns on the hypothalamus,
that talks to the pituitary gland, -
12:49 - 12:53that communicates with the adrenal gland
and the adrenal gland start spitting out -
12:53 - 12:57stress hormones like cortisol,
norepinephrine, epinephrine. -
12:57 - 13:01Ιt turns on what Walter Cannon
at Harvard calls the stress response, -
13:01 - 13:05that triggers the sympathetic
nervous system, -
13:05 - 13:08and puts you into that
fight or flight mode, which is adaptive, -
13:08 - 13:11it's protective if you are running away
from a mountain lion, -
13:11 - 13:15but in every day life, you're supposed
to have that quick stress response -
13:15 - 13:18if there is a threat and then
it's supposed to switch right off. -
13:18 - 13:21This isn't what happens
in our regular lives these days. -
13:21 - 13:24But fortunately there is a counter balance
in relaxation response -
13:24 - 13:27that Herbert Benson at Harvard described.
-
13:27 - 13:31And when this comes about,
the stress response turns off, -
13:31 - 13:33the parasympathetic nervous system
turns on, -
13:33 - 13:39and healing hormones like oxytocin,
dopamine, nitric oxide, endorphins -
13:39 - 13:42fill the body and bathe
every cell in the body. -
13:42 - 13:44What I found the most amazing about this
-
13:44 - 13:47is that those natural self repair
mechanisms that we all have -
13:47 - 13:52they only flip on when
the nervous system is relaxed. -
13:52 - 13:55So when you're having
stress responses, -
13:55 - 13:58all those natural self repair
mechanisms get flipped off. -
13:58 - 14:03The body is too busy trying to fight
or flee, in order to heal itself. -
14:03 - 14:08So, when you think about this,
you have to start to wonder like, -
14:08 - 14:12How can I possibly start to change
the balance in my own body? -
14:12 - 14:15So one study showed
that on average we have -
14:15 - 14:18more than 50 stress responses per day.
-
14:18 - 14:21And if you're lonely, or depressed
or pessimistic or unhappy at work -
14:21 - 14:26or in a miserable relationship that number
is going to be more than twice as many. -
14:26 - 14:29Now this relaxation response
is what researchers think -
14:29 - 14:31explains the placebo effect.
-
14:31 - 14:35So when you're going to get supposedly
maybe a new wonder drug, -
14:35 - 14:37-- you don't know whether you're getting
the placebo or not -- -
14:37 - 14:39it triggers that relaxation response,
-
14:39 - 14:41that combination of the mind's
positive belief -
14:41 - 14:44and the nurturing care
of a healthcare provider -
14:44 - 14:46relaxes the nervous system.
-
14:46 - 14:50And then all those natural self repair
mechanisms can come into play. -
14:50 - 14:52Fortunately though you don't have
to be in a clinical trial -
14:52 - 14:54to turn on your relaxation responses.
-
14:54 - 14:57There are lots of simple
pleasurable activities -
14:57 - 14:59that turn on the relaxation responses
-
14:59 - 15:01and these have been proven
in the medical literature. -
15:01 - 15:06So you can meditate,
you can express yourself creatively, -
15:06 - 15:09you can get a massage,
do yoga or tai chi, -
15:09 - 15:13you can go out with your friends,
you can do work that you love, -
15:13 - 15:19you can have sex, you can laugh,
exercise, you can play with animals. -
15:19 - 15:22So I ask you to consider
the Whole Health Cairn in your own life. -
15:22 - 15:26Which stones in your Whole Health Cairn
might be out of balance? -
15:26 - 15:28Each of these stones can be a factor
-
15:28 - 15:32for creating stress responses
or relaxation responses. -
15:32 - 15:37How might you turn on more
relaxation responses in your body? -
15:37 - 15:38And most importantly,
-
15:38 - 15:41what does your body
need in order to heal? -
15:41 - 15:44What prescription do you need
to write for yourself? -
15:44 - 15:45And are you going to be brave enough
-
15:45 - 15:50to take action on the truth of what
your inner pilot light already knows? -
15:50 - 15:54I believe our healthcare system
is badly broken, -
15:54 - 15:58and it's largely because we've lost respect
for the body's ability to heal itself. -
15:58 - 16:01The medical establishment
has gotten arrogant. -
16:01 - 16:03We've come to think that
with all of our modern technology, -
16:03 - 16:06and all that we've learnt
in the past century, -
16:06 - 16:10that we've mastered nature,
and we find it repelling -
16:10 - 16:14to think that maybe nature could
be better than we are sometimes. -
16:14 - 16:19And yet, spontaneous remissions
from incurable diseases are proof -
16:19 - 16:22that sometimes nature
is just better than we are. -
16:22 - 16:24It's a narcisitic wound for physicians.
-
16:24 - 16:25We don't know what to do with that.
-
16:25 - 16:28It makes us feel helpless
and hopeless and useless. -
16:28 - 16:31But fortunately, we're needed.
-
16:31 - 16:34The physician and all the other
healthcare providers -
16:34 - 16:36are absolutely essential to this process.
-
16:36 - 16:38We need to embrace this.
-
16:38 - 16:41And patients need to change
their outlooks on this as well. -
16:41 - 16:42It is not just doctors.
-
16:42 - 16:46We need patients to stop thinking that
your body is not your business, -
16:46 - 16:49taking your power and handing it
over to other healthcare providers. -
16:49 - 16:54Your body is your business, and
your mind has tremendous power -
16:54 - 16:59to communicate with your body,
such that your body can heal itself. -
16:59 - 17:03So I once had a dream, and
in my dream I was standing there, -
17:03 - 17:07looking at these mountain sides,
full of millions of people -
17:07 - 17:08that were standing
shoulder to shoulder, -
17:08 - 17:12and they were all facing due north,
dressed in all this tribal garbs, -
17:12 - 17:15beautiful colors covering
the mountain sides like a quilt. -
17:15 - 17:18And there was a bright
streaming light on their face -
17:18 - 17:22and everyone was facing this light,
-
17:22 - 17:24and that's what I think of,
when I think of healthcare. -
17:24 - 17:27I think of all of us, standing up,
and facing the light. -
17:27 - 17:30So please stand with me for a moment.
-
17:30 - 17:32It's going to take all of us.
-
17:32 - 17:36Just because things have gotten bad
doesn't mean they can't get better. -
17:36 - 17:40I believe that just like there are
no incurable illnesses -
17:40 - 17:42there are no incurable systems.
-
17:42 - 17:46But it's going to take all of us, needing
to open our heart and our minds, -
17:46 - 17:49and bring care back to healthcare.
-
17:49 - 17:51So please hold hands
with your fellow neighbor -
17:51 - 17:53and let's just set
the intention right here, -
17:53 - 17:57that things are going to be
different from now on, -
17:57 - 18:02that we can start this grass roots effort
that it all starts with you. -
18:02 - 18:05Be the love that you want to
see in healthcare, -
18:05 - 18:08and I believe miracles can happen.
-
18:08 - 18:14As we do this you're releasing oxytocin,
dopamine, you start to heal yourself -
18:13 - 18:16and as we do so we can heal healthcare.
-
18:16 - 18:17Thank you.
-
18:17 - 18:22(Applause)
- Title:
- Is there scientific proof we can heal ourselves? | Lissa Rankin | TEDxAmericanRiviera
- Description:
-
New age gurus suggest that we can heal ourselves by simply changing our minds, but is this concept grounded in cold, hard science? Lissa Rankin, MD explores the scientific literature, reviewing case studies of spontaneous remission, as well as placebo and nocebo effect data, to prove that our thoughts powerfully affect our physiology when we believe we can get well.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 18:52
Ivana Korom
Hello. Some of the lines are too long. Please make them shorter according to the guidelines: http://translations.ted.org/wiki/How_to_break_lines
The talk title and description should be in the following format: Talk title - Speaker name at TEDxEventName, and description should contain 1-2 sentences describing the talk, while all external links, information in other languages and info about TEDx should be removed. Thanks!
Chryssa R. Takahashi
Sentences / subtitles were not properly separated, punctutation marks were missing most of the time.
Ivana Korom
The subtitles are much better this time. A few additional corrections: Please remember to remove the year of the event from the title. ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// Gonna, wanna, kinda, sorta and 'cause are ways of pronouncing going to, want to, kind of, sort of and because, respectively. Do not use them in English subtitles. Instead, use the full form (e.g. going to where you hear gonna). For more info on similar issues, see the English style guide at http://translations.ted.org/wiki/English_Style_Guide
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////// The maximum length of a subtitle is 84. I corrected the subtitles that were over this limit. I fixed the reading speed of the subtitles where it was over 21 characters per second. This can be done by compressing the text (see http://translations.ted.org/wiki/How_to_Compress_Subtitles).
Krystian Aparta
The English transcript was modified on 7/9/2015. At 8:41, "You've got a five-year survival rate" was changed to "You've got a 5% five-year survival rate."