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I'd like to introduce you to an organism:
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a slime mold, physarum polycephalum.
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It's a mold with an identity
crisis, because it's not a mold,
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so let's get that straight to start with.
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It is one of 700 known slime molds
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belonging to the kingdom of the amoeba.
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It is a single-celled organism, a cell,
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that joins together with other cells
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to form a mass super-cell
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to maximize its resources.
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So within a slime mold you might find thousands
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or millions of nuclei,
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all sharing a cell wall,
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all acting as one entity.
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In its natural habitat,
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you might find the slime mold foraging in woodlands,
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eating rotting vegetation,
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but you might equally find it
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in research laboratories,
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classrooms, and even artists' studios.
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I first came across the slime
mold about five years ago.
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A microbiologist friend of mine
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gave me a petri dish with a little yellow blob in it
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and told me to go home and play with it.
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The only instructions I was given,
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that it likes it dark and damp
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and its favorite food is porridge oats.
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I'm an artist who's worked for many years
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with biology, with scientific processes,
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so living material is not uncommon for me.
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I've worked with plants, bacteria,
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cuttlefish, fruit flies.
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So I was keen to get my new collaborator home
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to see what it could do.
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So I took it home and I watched.
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I fed it a varied diet.
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I observed as it networked.
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It formed a connection between food sources.
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I watched it leave a trail behind it,
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indicating where it had been.
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And I noticed that when it was
fed up with one petri dish,
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it would escape and find a better home.
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I captured my observations
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through timelapse photography.
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A slime mold grows at about one centimeter an hour,
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so it's not really ideal for live viewing
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unless there's some form of
really extreme meditation,
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but through the timelapse,
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I could observe some really interesting behaviors.
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For instance, having fed on a nice pile of oats,
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the slime mold goes off to explore new territories
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in different directions simultaneously.
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When it meets itself,
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it knows it's already there,
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it recognizes it's there,
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and instead retreats back
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and grows in other directions.
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I was quite impressed by this feat,
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at how what was essentially
just a bag of cellular slime
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could somehow map its territory,
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know itself, and move with seeming intention.
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I found countless scientific studies,
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research papers, journal articles,
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all citing incredible work with this one organism,
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and I'm going to share a few of those with you.
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For example, a team in Hokkaido University in Japan
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filled a maze with slime mold.
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It joined together and formed a mass cell.
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They introduced food at two points,
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oats of course,
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and it formed a connection
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between the food.
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It retracted from empty areas and dead ends.
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There are four possible routes through this maze,
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yet time and time again,
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the slime mold established the shortest
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and the most efficient route.
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Quite clever.
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The conclusion from their experiment
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was that the slime mold had
a primitive form of intelligence.
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Another study exposed cold air at
regular intervals to the slime mold.
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It didn't like it. It doesn't like it cold.
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It doesn't like it dry.
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They did this at repeat intervals,
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and each time, the slime mold
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slowed down its growth in response.
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However, at the next interval,
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the researchers didn't put the cold air on,
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yet the slime mold slowed down in anticipation
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of it happening.
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It somehow knew that it was about the time
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for the cold air that it didn't like.
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The conclusion from their experiment
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was that the slime mold was able to learn.
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A third experiment:
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the slime mold was invited
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to explore a territory covered in oats.
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It fans out in a branching pattern.
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As it goes, each food node it finds,
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it forms a network, a connection to,
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and keeps foraging.
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After 26 hours, it established
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quite a firm network
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between the different oats.
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Now there's nothing remarkable in this
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until you learn that the center oat that it started from
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represents the city of Tokyo,
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and the surrounding oats are
suburban railway stations.
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The slime mold had replicated
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the Tokyo transport network
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— (Laughter) —
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a complex system developed over time
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by community dwellings, civil
engineering, urban planning.
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What had taken us well over a hundred years
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took the slime mold just over a day.
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The conclusion from their experiment
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was that the slime mold can form efficient networks
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and solve the traveling salesman problem.
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It is a biological computer.
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As such, it has been mathematically modeled,
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algorithmically analyzed.
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It's been sonified, replicated, simulated.
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World over, teams of researchers
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are decoding its biological principles
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to understand its computational rules
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and applying that learning
to the fields of electronics,
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programming, and robotics.
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So the question is,
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how does this thing work?
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It doesn't have a central nervous system.
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It doesn't have a brain,
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yet it can perform behaviors
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that we associate with brain function.
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It can learn, it can remember,
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it can solve problems, it can make decision.
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So where does that intelligence lie?
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So this is a microscopy, a video I shot,
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and it's about a hundred times magnification,
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sped up about 20 times,
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and inside the slime mold,
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there is a rhythmic pulsing flow,
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a vein-like structure carrying
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cellular material, nutrients, and chemical information
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through the cell,
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streaming first in one direction
and then back in another,
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and it is this continuous, synchronous oscillation
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within the cell that allows it to form
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quite a complex understanding of its environment,
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but without any large-scale control center.
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This is where its intelligence lies.
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So it's not just academic researchers
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in universities that are interested in this organism.
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A few years ago, I set up slimoco,
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The Slime Mould Collective.
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It's an online, open, democratic network
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for slime mold researchers and enthusiasts
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to share knowledge and experimentation
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across disciplinary divides
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and across academic divides.
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The Slime Mould Collective
membership is self-selecting.
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People have found the collective
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as the slime mold finds the oats.
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And it comprises of scientists
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and computer scientists and researchers
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but also artists like me,
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architects, designers, writers, activists, you name it.
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It's a very interesting, eclectic membership.
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Just a few examples:
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an artist who paints with fluorescent physarum;
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a collaborative team
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who are combining biological and electronic design
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with 3D printing technologies in a workshop;
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another artist who is using the slime mold
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as a way of engaging a community
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to map their area.
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Here, the slime mold is being used directly
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as a biological tool, but metaphorically
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as a symbol for ways of talking
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about social cohesion, communication,
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and cooperation.
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Other public engagement activities,
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I run lots of slime mold workshops,
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a creative way of engaging with the organism.
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So people are invited to come and learn
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about what amazing things it can do,
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and they design their own petri experiment,
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an environment for the slime mold to navigate
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so they can test its properties.
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Everybody takes home a new pet
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and is invited to post their results
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on the slime mold collective.
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And the collective has enabled me
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to form collaborations
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with a whole array of interesting people.
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I've been working with filmmakers
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on a feature-length slime mold documentary,
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and I stress feature-length,
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which is in the final stages of edit
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and will be hitting your cinema screens very soon.
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(Laughter)
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It's also enabled me to conduct what I think is
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the world's first human slime mold experiment.
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This is part of an exhibition in Rotterdam last year.
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We invited people to become
slime mold for half an hour.
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So we essentially tied people together
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so they were a giant cell,
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and invited them to follow slime mold rules.
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You have to communicate through oscillations,
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no speaking.
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You have to operate as one entity, one mass cell,
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no egos,
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and the motivation for moving
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and then exploring the environment
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is in search of food.
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So a chaotic shuffle ensued
as this bunch of strangers
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tied together with yellow ropes
wearing "Being Slime Mold" t-shirts
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wandered through the museum park.
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When they met trees, they had to reshape
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their connections and reform as a mass cell
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through not speaking.
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This is a ludicrous experiment in many, many ways.
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This isn't hypothesis-driven.
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We're not trying to prove, demonstrate anything.
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But what it did provide us was a way
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of engaging a broad section of the public
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with ideas of intelligence, agency, autonomy,
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and provide a playful platform
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for discussions about
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the things that ensued.
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One of the most exciting things
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about this experiment
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was the conversation that happened afterwards.
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An entirely spontaneous symposium
happened in the park.
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People talked about the human psychology,
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of how difficult it was to let go
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of their individual personalities and egos.
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Other people talked about bacterial communication.
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Each person brought in their own
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individual interpretation,
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and our conclusion from this experiment was that
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the people of Rotterdam were highly cooperative,
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especially when given beer.
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We didn't just give them oats.
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We gave them beer as well.
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But they weren't as efficient as the slime mold,
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and the slime mold, for me,
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is a fascinating subject matter.
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It's biologically fascinating,
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it's computationally interesting,
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but it's also a symbol,
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a way of engaging with ideas of community,
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collective behavior, cooperation.
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A lot of my work draws on the scientific research,
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so this pays homage to the maze experiment
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but in a different way.
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And the slime mold is also my working material.
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It's a coproducer of photographs, prints, animations,
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participatory events.
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Whilst the slime mold doesn't choose
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to work with me exactly,
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it is a collaboration of sorts.
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I can predict certain behaviors
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by understanding how it operates,
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but I can't control it.
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The slime mold has the final say
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in the creative process.
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And after all, it has its own internal aesthetics.
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These branching patterns that we see
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we see across all forms, scales of nature,
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from river deltas to lightning strikes,
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from our own blood vessels to neural networks.
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There's clearly significant rules at play
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in this simple yet complex organism,
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and no matter what our disciplinary
perspective or our mode of inquiry,
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there's a great deal that we can learn
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from observing and engaging
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with this beautiful, brainless blob.
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I give you physarum polycephalum.
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Thank you.
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(Applause)