What a driverless world could look like
-
0:01 - 0:04Some people are obsessed
by French wines. -
0:04 - 0:07Others love playing golf
-
0:07 - 0:08or devouring literature.
-
0:09 - 0:12One of my greatest pleasures
in life is, I have to admit, -
0:12 - 0:14a bit special.
-
0:14 - 0:19I cannot tell you how much I enjoy
watching cities from the sky, -
0:19 - 0:20from an airplane window.
-
0:21 - 0:24Some cities are calmly industrious,
-
0:24 - 0:25like Dusseldorf
-
0:25 - 0:27or Louisville.
-
0:28 - 0:31Others project an energy
that they can hardly contain, -
0:31 - 0:33like New York
-
0:33 - 0:34or Hong Kong.
-
0:35 - 0:37And then you have Paris
-
0:37 - 0:39or Istanbul,
-
0:39 - 0:41and their patina full of history.
-
0:42 - 0:44I see cities as living beings.
-
0:45 - 0:47And when I discover them from far above,
-
0:47 - 0:51I like to find those main streets
and highways that structure their space. -
0:52 - 0:53Especially at night,
-
0:54 - 0:58when commuters make these arteries
look dramatically red and golden: -
0:59 - 1:03the city's vascular system
performing its vital function -
1:03 - 1:04right before your eyes.
-
1:06 - 1:08But when I'm sitting in my car
-
1:09 - 1:12after an hour and a half
of commute every day, -
1:12 - 1:14that reality looks very different.
-
1:14 - 1:15(Laughter)
-
1:15 - 1:16Nothing --
-
1:16 - 1:18not public radio,
-
1:18 - 1:19no podcast --
-
1:19 - 1:20(Laughter)
-
1:20 - 1:22Not even mindfulness meditation
-
1:22 - 1:24makes this time worth living.
-
1:24 - 1:26(Laughter)
-
1:26 - 1:27Isn't it absurd
-
1:27 - 1:32that we created cars
that can reach 130 miles per hour -
1:32 - 1:37and we now drive them at the same speed
as 19th-century horse carriages? -
1:37 - 1:39(Laughter)
-
1:39 - 1:40In the US alone,
-
1:40 - 1:46we spent 29.6 billion hours
commuting in 2014. -
1:46 - 1:48With that amount of time,
-
1:48 - 1:52ancient Egyptians could have built
26 Pyramids of Giza. -
1:52 - 1:53(Laughter)
-
1:53 - 1:55We do that in one year.
-
1:55 - 1:59A monumental waste of time,
energy and human potential. -
2:00 - 2:01For decades,
-
2:01 - 2:04our remedy for congestion was simple:
-
2:04 - 2:07build new roads or enlarge existing ones.
-
2:07 - 2:08And it worked.
-
2:08 - 2:11It worked admirably for Paris,
-
2:11 - 2:14when the city tore down
hundreds of historical buildings -
2:14 - 2:16to create 85 miles
-
2:16 - 2:18of transportation-friendly boulevards.
-
2:19 - 2:22And it still works today
in fast-growing emerging cities. -
2:23 - 2:25But in more established urban centers,
-
2:25 - 2:29significant network expansions
are almost impossible: -
2:29 - 2:31habitat is just too dense,
-
2:31 - 2:33real estate, too expensive
-
2:33 - 2:35and public finances, too fragile.
-
2:36 - 2:39Our city's vascular system
is getting clogged, it's getting sick, -
2:39 - 2:41and we should pay attention.
-
2:41 - 2:44Our current way
of thinking is not working. -
2:44 - 2:46For our transportation to flow,
-
2:46 - 2:48we need a new source of inspiration.
-
2:50 - 2:53So after 16 years
working in transportation, -
2:53 - 2:57my "aha moment" happened
when speaking with a biotech customer. -
2:58 - 3:00She was telling me how her treatment
-
3:00 - 3:03was leveraging specific properties
of our vascular system. -
3:04 - 3:06"Wow," I thought, "Our vascular system --
-
3:06 - 3:09all the veins and arteries in our body
-
3:09 - 3:12making miracles of logistics every day."
-
3:13 - 3:15This is the moment I realized
-
3:15 - 3:18that biology has been
in the transportation business -
3:18 - 3:20for billions of years.
-
3:20 - 3:23It has been testing countless solutions
-
3:23 - 3:26to move nutrients, gases and proteins.
-
3:27 - 3:31It really is the world's most
sophisticated transportation laboratory. -
3:31 - 3:37So, what if the solution to our traffic
challenges was inside us? -
3:38 - 3:39I wanted to know:
-
3:39 - 3:43Why is it that blood flows
in our veins most of our lives, -
3:43 - 3:47when our big cities get clogged
on a daily basis? -
3:47 - 3:52And the reality is that you're looking
at two very different networks. -
3:52 - 3:54I don't know if you realize,
-
3:54 - 3:59but each of us has 60,000 miles
of blood vessels in our bodies -- -
3:59 - 4:0060,000 miles.
-
4:00 - 4:03That's two-and-a-half times
the Earth's circumference, -
4:03 - 4:04inside you.
-
4:05 - 4:08What it means is that blood vessels
are everywhere inside us, -
4:08 - 4:10not just under the surface of our skin.
-
4:11 - 4:13But if you look at our cities,
-
4:13 - 4:16yes, we have some
underground subway systems -
4:16 - 4:18and some tunnels and bridges,
-
4:18 - 4:21and also some helicopters in the sky.
-
4:21 - 4:25But the vast majority of our traffic
is focused on the ground, -
4:25 - 4:26on the surface.
-
4:26 - 4:28So in other words,
-
4:28 - 4:32while our vascular system uses
the three dimensions inside us, -
4:32 - 4:35our urban transportation
is mostly two-dimensional. -
4:36 - 4:39And so what we need
is to embrace that verticality. -
4:39 - 4:42If our surface grid is saturated,
-
4:42 - 4:44well, let's elevate our traffic.
-
4:44 - 4:48This Chinese concept of a bus
that can straddle traffic jams -- -
4:49 - 4:53that was an eye-opener on new ways
to think about space and movement -
4:53 - 4:54inside our cities.
-
4:55 - 4:57And we can go higher,
-
4:57 - 5:01and suspend our transportation
like we did with our electrical grid. -
5:02 - 5:05Tel Aviv and Abu Dhabi
are talking about testing -
5:05 - 5:09these futuristic networks
of suspended magnetic pods. -
5:09 - 5:12And we can keep climbing, and fly.
-
5:13 - 5:15The fact that a company like Airbus
-
5:15 - 5:19is now seriously working
on flying urban taxis -
5:19 - 5:20is telling us something.
-
5:21 - 5:26Flying cars are finally moving
from science-fiction déjà vu -
5:26 - 5:28to attractive business-case territory.
-
5:28 - 5:30And that's an exciting moment.
-
5:30 - 5:33So building this 3-D
transportation network -
5:33 - 5:38is one of the ways we can mitigate
and solve traffic jams. -
5:38 - 5:40But it's not the only one.
-
5:40 - 5:42We have to question
-
5:42 - 5:46other fundamental choices
that we made, like the vehicles we use. -
5:46 - 5:49Just imagine a very familiar scene:
-
5:49 - 5:51You've been driving for 42 minutes.
-
5:52 - 5:54The two kids behind you
are getting restless. -
5:55 - 5:56And you're late.
-
5:57 - 5:59Do you see that slow car in front of you?
-
5:59 - 6:01Always comes when you're late, right?
-
6:01 - 6:02(Laughter)
-
6:02 - 6:05That driver is looking for parking.
-
6:05 - 6:07There is no parking spot
available in the area, -
6:07 - 6:09but how would he know?
-
6:10 - 6:14It is estimated that up to 30 percent
of urban traffic is generated -
6:14 - 6:16by drivers looking for parking.
-
6:17 - 6:19Do you see the 100 cars around you?
-
6:20 - 6:22Eighty-five of them
only have one passenger. -
6:23 - 6:27Those 85 drivers could all fit
in one Londonian red bus. -
6:27 - 6:28So the question is:
-
6:29 - 6:32Why are we wasting so much space
if it is what we need the most? -
6:32 - 6:33Why are we doing this to ourselves?
-
6:34 - 6:36Biology would never do this.
-
6:36 - 6:39Space inside our arteries
is fully utilized. -
6:40 - 6:41At every heartbeat,
-
6:41 - 6:45a higher blood pressure literally compacts
millions of red blood cells -
6:45 - 6:47into massive trains of oxygen
-
6:47 - 6:49that quickly flow throughout our body.
-
6:50 - 6:54And the tiny space inside our red
blood cells is not wasted, either. -
6:54 - 6:56In healthy conditions,
-
6:56 - 7:00more than 95 percent
of their oxygen capacity is utilized. -
7:00 - 7:03Can you imagine if the vehicles
we used in our cities -
7:03 - 7:05were 95 percent full,
-
7:05 - 7:08all the additional space
you would have to walk, to bike -
7:08 - 7:10and to enjoy our cities?
-
7:11 - 7:14The reason blood is so
incredibly efficient -
7:14 - 7:17is that our red blood cells
are not dedicated -
7:17 - 7:19to specific organs or tissues;
-
7:19 - 7:23otherwise, we would probably have
traffic jams in our veins. -
7:23 - 7:24No, they're shared.
-
7:24 - 7:26They're shared by all
the cells of our body. -
7:27 - 7:29And because our network is so extensive,
-
7:29 - 7:34each one of our 37 trillion cells
gets its own deliveries of oxygen -
7:34 - 7:36precisely when it needs them.
-
7:36 - 7:41Blood is both a collective
and individual form of transportation. -
7:42 - 7:43But for our cities,
-
7:43 - 7:44we've been stuck.
-
7:44 - 7:46We've been stuck in an endless debate
-
7:46 - 7:52between creating a car-centric society
or extensive mass-transit systems. -
7:52 - 7:54I think we should transcend this.
-
7:54 - 7:58I think we can create vehicles
that combine the convenience of cars -
7:58 - 8:01and the efficiencies of trains and buses.
-
8:01 - 8:03Just imagine.
-
8:03 - 8:07You're comfortably sitting
in a fast and smooth urban train, -
8:07 - 8:09along with 1,200 passengers.
-
8:10 - 8:12The problem with urban trains
-
8:12 - 8:16is that sometimes you have to stop
five, ten, fifteen times -
8:16 - 8:18before your final destination.
-
8:18 - 8:21What if in this train
you didn't have to stop? -
8:22 - 8:23In this train,
-
8:23 - 8:26wagons can detach dynamically
while you're moving -
8:27 - 8:29and become express, driverless buses
-
8:30 - 8:32that move on a secondary road network.
-
8:32 - 8:34And so without a single stop,
-
8:34 - 8:36nor a lengthy transfer,
-
8:36 - 8:39you are now sitting in a bus
that is headed toward your suburb. -
8:40 - 8:42And when you get close,
-
8:42 - 8:45the section you're sitting in detaches
-
8:45 - 8:48and self-drives you
right to your doorstep. -
8:49 - 8:51It is collective and individual
at the same time. -
8:52 - 8:57This could be one of the shared,
modular, driverless vehicles of tomorrow. -
8:58 - 8:59Now ...
-
8:59 - 9:02as if walking in a city
buzzing with drones, -
9:02 - 9:07flying taxis, modular buses
and suspended magnetic pods -
9:07 - 9:08was not exotic enough,
-
9:09 - 9:11I think there is another force in action
-
9:11 - 9:14that will make urban traffic mesmerizing.
-
9:15 - 9:16If you think about it,
-
9:16 - 9:21the current generation of driverless cars
is just trying to earn its way -
9:21 - 9:24into a traffic grid
made by and for humans. -
9:25 - 9:28They're trying to learn traffic rules,
which is relatively simple, -
9:29 - 9:30and coping with human unpredictability,
-
9:30 - 9:32which is more challenging.
-
9:33 - 9:36But what would happen
when whole cities become driverless? -
9:37 - 9:39Would we need traffic lights?
-
9:39 - 9:40Would we need lanes?
-
9:40 - 9:42How about speed limits?
-
9:43 - 9:45Red blood cells are not flowing in lanes.
-
9:45 - 9:47They never stop at red lights.
-
9:47 - 9:49In the first driverless cities,
-
9:49 - 9:52you would have no red lights and no lanes.
-
9:52 - 9:55And when all the cars
are driverless and connected, -
9:56 - 9:59everything is predictable
and reaction time, minimum. -
9:59 - 10:01They can drive much faster
-
10:01 - 10:04and can take any rational initiative
that can speed them up -
10:04 - 10:05or the cars around them.
-
10:07 - 10:09So instead of rigid traffic rules,
-
10:10 - 10:12flow will be regulated
-
10:12 - 10:16by a mesh of dynamic and constantly
self-improving algorithms. -
10:18 - 10:21The result: a strange traffic
-
10:21 - 10:25that mixes the fast and smooth
rigor of German autobahns -
10:25 - 10:28and the creative vitality
of the intersections of Mumbai. -
10:29 - 10:30(Laughter)
-
10:30 - 10:32Traffic will be functionally exuberant.
-
10:32 - 10:35It will be liquid like our blood.
-
10:35 - 10:36And by a strange paradox,
-
10:37 - 10:39the more robotized
our traffic grid will be, -
10:39 - 10:42the more organic and alive
its movement will feel. -
10:43 - 10:45So yes,
-
10:45 - 10:49biology has all the attributes
of a transportation genius today. -
10:49 - 10:51But this process has taken
billions of years, -
10:51 - 10:54and went through all sorts
of iterations and mutations. -
10:55 - 10:58We can't wait billions of years
to evolve our transportation system. -
10:59 - 11:01We now have the dreams,
-
11:01 - 11:02the concepts
-
11:02 - 11:04and the technology
-
11:04 - 11:07to create 3-D transportation networks,
-
11:07 - 11:09invent new vehicles
-
11:09 - 11:11and change the flow in our cities.
-
11:11 - 11:12Let's do it.
-
11:12 - 11:13Thank you.
-
11:13 - 11:16(Applause)
- Title:
- What a driverless world could look like
- Speaker:
- Wanis Kabbaj
- Description:
-
What if traffic flowed through our streets as smoothly and efficiently as blood flows through our veins? Transportation geek Wanis Kabbaj thinks we can find inspiration in the genius of our biology to design the transit systems of the future. In this forward-thinking talk, preview exciting concepts like modular, detachable buses, flying taxis and networks of suspended magnetic pods that could help make the dream of a dynamic, driverless world into a reality.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:31
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like | ||
Leslie Gauthier edited English subtitles for What a driverless world could look like |