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8 BIT PHILOSOPHY
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♪ (fantasy music) ♪
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Is change merely an illusion?
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In 5th Century BC,
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Greek philosopher Parmenides proposed
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that the universe was not made of many things,
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but rather is a single indivisible substance:
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An eternal now that encompasses all time
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and all entities.
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And if the universe is one,
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then all change is impossible.
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For the very idea of change suggests
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something transforming from one state
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to another.
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But according to Parmenides,
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all states occur simultaneously--
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change is impossible.
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After receiving heavy criticism
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from his contemporaries, Parmenides' student,
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Zeno of Elea, came to his defense
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by creating a series of paradoxes that seek
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to prove that time and change are,
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in fact, utter nonsense.
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♪ (Excitebike Theme Song) ♪
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Consider a situation in which a motorcyclist
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races a man on foot.
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Let's assume the man is given
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a 50 meter head start.
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By the time the motorcyclist reaches
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the 50 meter mark, the man will have moved
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a small distance forward.
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And when the motorcyclist catches up
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to the ensuing spot, the man will have moved
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farther still.
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If there are an infinite number
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of measurable distances between
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any two points, the man will always be
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a minute distance ahead of the biker.
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This, then, will go on indefinitely,
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and the biker will never catch the man.
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But this is absurd!
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For our perceptions tell us the motorcyclist
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would quickly overtake the man.
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Therefore, Zeno's paradox tells us
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that our perceptions are flawed
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and that a change in distance is preposterous.
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♪ (music) ♪
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In another of his paradoxes, Zeno talks
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of an arrow being shot at a target.
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If it takes the arrow one second to travel
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60 feet, it would take .5 seconds to travel
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half that distance.
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A quarter second to travel
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half that distance, and so on.
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If this process continues, we'll have
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eventually reach a unit of time during which
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the arrow will occupy a space at complete rest.
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Let's call this unit of duration this time
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"a moment".
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If the arrow's trajectory is the sum
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of these stationary moments,
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then how will the arrow ever reach its target?
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And thus motion is nonsensical.
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Zeno's paradoxes have challenged scholars,
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philosophers, and mathematicians for over
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2,500 years.
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If nothing else, they force us
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to continuously reconsider our reasoning
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about the nature of space and time.