How to make change to the society? Burst the bubble
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0:10 - 0:14Today I want to start my talk
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0:14 - 0:17with a story of my own bubble.
-
0:17 - 0:22When I say 'bubble', you might wonder
what is this and what I'm talking about. -
0:22 - 0:25Almost more than 20 years ago,
when I was eight years old, -
0:25 - 0:29I went to a local food market
with my mum and dad. -
0:29 - 0:32It was a very cold winter day.
-
0:33 - 0:37We were driving our green Hyundai Accent
car, which was in trend at the time. -
0:37 - 0:41My parents went into the market to shop
for groceries while I stayed in the car. -
0:41 - 0:45I was sitting in the car
and listening to music, relaxing, -
0:45 - 0:47not even paying attention to the cold.
-
0:48 - 0:52But there was a girl outside,
the same age as me. -
0:52 - 0:56She had no hat or gloves
in that freezing cold weather -
0:56 - 1:00and was holding a younger sibling
in those little hands. -
1:00 - 1:02At first, I didn't pay much attention.
-
1:02 - 1:05I thought: "Okay, it's just
a poor girl standing there", -
1:05 - 1:07and kept enjoying
the music in the car. -
1:07 - 1:09But 20 minutes, 30 minutes passed.
-
1:09 - 1:13She wasn't simply
standing there, doing nothing. -
1:13 - 1:18She was begging for money
from those who were passing by. -
1:18 - 1:21Most of the people who were passing
seemed to be annoyed by her -
1:21 - 1:23and walked faster to avoid interaction.
-
1:23 - 1:28Looking at this, I suddenly
felt uncomfortable. -
1:29 - 1:31What has she done wrong
-
1:31 - 1:34to be standing outside in the cold,
-
1:34 - 1:38holding such heavy load on her tiny back.
-
1:38 - 1:43What have I done to deserve
sitting in a warm car, -
1:43 - 1:47waiting for my parents to bring bags
full of food while listening to music. -
1:48 - 1:50What is the difference between us?
-
1:50 - 1:53Why and how has this difference emerged?
-
1:53 - 1:55I felt so bad at the time.
-
1:55 - 1:59Looking back now, I think that
-
1:59 - 2:04perhaps, my choice of becoming
a social researcher -
2:04 - 2:08was dedicated to understanding
this difference. -
2:10 - 2:13Even today, the story
of the bubble still continues. -
2:13 - 2:17Last year, I was standing
in a bank to transfer money -
2:17 - 2:20when I noticed this poster on the wall.
-
2:20 - 2:22[Dear citizens, beware of theft!!!]
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2:22 - 2:24Looking at that poster,
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2:24 - 2:27I thought the bubble hasn't burst.
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2:27 - 2:29The poster said:
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2:29 - 2:35"Dear citizens, beware of theft!"
-
2:36 - 2:39What this poster shows is that
-
2:39 - 2:43we see this boy selling
magazines or gums -
2:43 - 2:45as though he was a criminal.
-
2:45 - 2:48And people like us
with jobs and a decent life -
2:48 - 2:51who can afford to go to a cafe
for a cup of tea -
2:51 - 2:55should beware of these kids
and protect ourselves from them. -
2:55 - 2:58This poster wasn't only
put up in this bank, -
2:58 - 3:01but also in cafes, restaurants,
department stores and everywhere. -
3:01 - 3:05How many of you have passed
by these posters? -
3:05 - 3:08How many of us haven't noticed them?
-
3:10 - 3:12So the first question arising from this is
-
3:13 - 3:19why are we living in the kind of society
where a small boy is working at night, -
3:19 - 3:23doing hard labour
and being called a thief? -
3:23 - 3:27Second, why are we living in a society
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3:27 - 3:29where we have to be cautious of children?
-
3:30 - 3:31I've tried this.
-
3:31 - 3:33Most people answer
these questions in similar ways. -
3:33 - 3:37Because these kids' parents
-
3:37 - 3:40weren't able to succeed in their lives,
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3:40 - 3:43so it's these kids' parents' fault.
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3:44 - 3:48Let's imagine one
of these parents' name is Turuu. -
3:48 - 3:51What we say about Turuu
is that he's lazy, -
3:51 - 3:54he likes to live on social welfare,
he drinks a lot, -
3:54 - 3:56he doesn't work hard enough,
also may be when he moved -
3:56 - 3:59from the countryside to the city
-
3:59 - 4:01he didn't think through and so on.
-
4:02 - 4:04People may think in different ways.
-
4:04 - 4:09So by making these kinds of statements
we conclude that this person -
4:09 - 4:16is living in his own bubble, not depending
on other socio-economic conditions. -
4:16 - 4:19And because the individual is not
trying hard enough, -
4:19 - 4:21we conclude that it's his own
personal problem. -
4:22 - 4:26However, there are thousands, millions
and even billions of people in the world -
4:26 - 4:28who live in similar conditions as Turuu.
-
4:28 - 4:31It would be wrong to assume
that this poverty exists -
4:31 - 4:37because individuals like Turuu
are not trying hard enough, -
4:37 - 4:40as if they wanted to live
in sub-standard conditions. -
4:40 - 4:45On the contrary, let's imagine
that Turuu is a very successful man, -
4:45 - 4:49and most of the members
of our society are doing well and -
4:49 - 4:50succeeding in their lives.
-
4:50 - 4:53Here we conclude
that it's not just because Turuu is -
4:53 - 4:55a hard-worker and an achiever
that he's doing well. -
4:55 - 4:58Instead, our society is conducive
and has the right socio-economic -
4:58 - 5:00conditions to make people successful.
-
5:00 - 5:04What this tells us is that we can't just
sit comfortably inside our own bubbles -
5:04 - 5:07and judge another person
as isolated from the society. -
5:07 - 5:10We shouldn't conclude
that the problem is just his own. -
5:10 - 5:13Since this phenomenon [poverty]
is too common in our society, -
5:13 - 5:16there should be something wrong
beyond what we can see. -
5:16 - 5:21Now, what is the current situation of
poverty and people like Turuu in Mongolia? -
5:21 - 5:25Is it similar to what we have imagined?
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5:26 - 5:29Today there are 634,000 people
living in poverty in Mongolia. -
5:31 - 5:35Poverty means not being able
-
5:35 - 5:39to afford their basic needs
including food. -
5:40 - 5:43These are people who spend less than
-
5:43 - 5:47140,000 MNT [60 USD]
per month, as of 2014. -
5:48 - 5:51Today, 20 percent of Mongolian
population is living in poverty. -
5:52 - 5:53In fact, it's more than 20 percent.
-
5:55 - 5:58If we hypothetically increase
the existing poverty line -
5:58 - 6:02by 50,000 MNT [26 USD]
from 146,000 to 196,000 MNT, -
6:02 - 6:07then 40 percent of the population
would be classified as living in poverty. -
6:08 - 6:12That means on top of the 20 percent
who are currently classified as poor, -
6:12 - 6:15another 20 percent is living
in vulnerable conditions -
6:15 - 6:18where they might fall
into poverty easily. -
6:18 - 6:24As such in total 40 percent of us live
under vulnerable conditions today. -
6:25 - 6:26Moreover, nearly 80 percent
-
6:26 - 6:29of Mongolian population spend
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6:30 - 6:33less than 400 thousand tugrugs
[212 USD] per month. -
6:33 - 6:35Only 20 percent spend
more than 400 thousand. -
6:36 - 6:40Those who spend more than 400 thousand
per month are less vulnerable to shocks -
6:40 - 6:44such as price increase and they have
more or less secure lives. -
6:45 - 6:49The remaining 80 percent
are people who might be affected -
6:49 - 6:51by various financial and personal crises.
-
6:53 - 6:55Let's look at another statistics.
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6:55 - 6:58Today we say that our society
is free and equal, -
6:58 - 7:02everyone can work hard
and achieve what they deserve. -
7:02 - 7:06If we imagine our society as evenly
distributing income and expenses, -
7:06 - 7:09wealth distribution should look like this.
-
7:09 - 7:12What do you think the current
situation is in Mongolia? -
7:14 - 7:21The top two ladders
of the society altogether -
7:22 - 7:27occupy 70 percent
of the total expenditure in Mongolia. -
7:27 - 7:33The remaining three ladders combined
occupy only 30 percent. -
7:33 - 7:37More importantly, the lowest
ladder occupies only seven percent. -
7:39 - 7:41We can see from this
-
7:41 - 7:43to what extent has
income inequality increased. -
7:45 - 7:48So it shows that when we say
that Turuu is the one at fault, -
7:48 - 7:50he is the one who has problems,
-
7:50 - 7:54we are thinking inside our bubble.
-
7:55 - 7:57Now, we should ask
why so many people are poor, -
7:58 - 8:02why so much inequality has been
created in our society, -
8:02 - 8:07and whether our explanations
to these questions are done -
8:07 - 8:10inside or outside the bubble.
-
8:11 - 8:15I want to tell you three
most common answers. -
8:15 - 8:19The first answer is that people are
unequal anyways -
8:20 - 8:23which is human nature.
-
8:23 - 8:27But in contrast to this belief,
many studies worldwide and in Mongolia -
8:28 - 8:32show that people almost
naturally desire equality. -
8:32 - 8:35Nobody says I'm living in better or worse
-
8:35 - 8:37conditions than that person.
-
8:37 - 8:42Yet there is one condition
where we accept inequality. -
8:42 - 8:46This is when the notion
about fairness is considered. -
8:48 - 8:49Fairness.
-
8:50 - 8:53In other words, today Turuu
worked less than me, -
8:53 - 8:55so he should earn less than me.
-
8:55 - 8:58I worked harder than him,
so I should earn more than him. -
8:58 - 9:02It would be unfair if Turuu earns the same
as me even though he worked less than me. -
9:02 - 9:03That's unfair.
-
9:05 - 9:08Unfortunately, our understanding
and interpretation about fairness -
9:08 - 9:10is not always fair itself.
-
9:10 - 9:11Let me take a simple example.
-
9:11 - 9:13In India, the caste system
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9:13 - 9:16allows most people to think
that it's fair that some people -
9:16 - 9:19should be wealthy just because
they are deemed to be born -
9:19 - 9:20from the head of the divinity,
-
9:20 - 9:24whilst others should be poor because
they were born from the foot of divinity. -
9:24 - 9:27Is this fair? Not at all.
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9:28 - 9:30The second commonly used explanation
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9:30 - 9:33is that our country is poor,
-
9:33 - 9:36we are barely surviving.
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9:36 - 9:38This is a wrong assumption.
-
9:38 - 9:42Our country is now
a middle-income country. -
9:42 - 9:45Our economy has been growing steadily
-
9:45 - 9:47for more than a decade.
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9:48 - 9:51Accordingly, the social welfare spending
has also been increasing. -
9:52 - 9:55Yet Turuu or those poor
40 percent of population -
9:55 - 9:59can't still benefit from this growth.
-
9:59 - 10:03So despite economic growth we are left
with a significant portion of our society -
10:03 - 10:05living in or very close to poverty.
-
10:05 - 10:06Let's see the next example.
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10:08 - 10:11Are poorer people indeed lazy
-
10:11 - 10:14and not trying hard enough
in their lives? -
10:14 - 10:18To see whether it's true I want to take
an example of successful young people. -
10:18 - 10:21Not long ago, I've been reading
some articles. -
10:21 - 10:23Including those that were
also viral on Facebook. -
10:23 - 10:26We are all very proud of the young
people who graduated or studying -
10:26 - 10:29at Harvard or MIT, and share these posts.
-
10:29 - 10:31They are all outstanding.
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10:31 - 10:33So quite a few of them were interviewed.
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10:33 - 10:35I've read all of them.
-
10:35 - 10:39They were asked to share
the ingredients of their success. -
10:40 - 10:42The common ingredients were
-
10:42 - 10:44"to dedicate yourself and work harder"
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10:44 - 10:47or "good knowledge of English".
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10:48 - 10:51We should be proud of these kids?
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10:53 - 10:56(Applause)
-
10:58 - 11:01And now let's look
at the drivers of their success -
11:01 - 11:05from a broader societal perspective.
-
11:06 - 11:08What we see here is that
-
11:08 - 11:12there are many factors
behind their success. -
11:12 - 11:14At least these kids are healthy,
-
11:15 - 11:17they are studying in private schools,
-
11:17 - 11:22they don't need to look after
a sick father or mother, -
11:22 - 11:25they can afford to pay
the tuition fee and so on. -
11:25 - 11:30In other words, these kids
are already very close to success, -
11:30 - 11:34and with a little hard work they can climb
to seemingly high points on our ladder. -
11:35 - 11:39In contrast, those people
mentioned earlier -
11:39 - 11:43who make up around 60 - 70 percent of
the population at the bottom of the ladder -
11:43 - 11:47are not able to get to the same level
of the ladder if they work equally hard. -
11:47 - 11:50Because their social
barriers are very high -
11:51 - 11:52like the one we see here.
-
11:53 - 11:56So one might be asking,
what are these barriers? -
11:56 - 12:00Why can't one work harder
and climb up the ladder? -
12:00 - 12:01There are so many factors.
-
12:01 - 12:05For example, quality education
and health services. -
12:06 - 12:10Because these people don't have sufficient
education, don't have necessary skills. -
12:10 - 12:12Because they don't have skills,
they can't find job. -
12:12 - 12:15They don't have work
then they don't have salaries. -
12:15 - 12:16No salaries, no savings.
-
12:16 - 12:18No savings, no investment
in their own life. -
12:19 - 12:21As such that person
is trapped into poverty. -
12:23 - 12:27But today we, the ones
standing at the top of the ladder -
12:27 - 12:31and inside our bubbles, are pointing down
-
12:31 - 12:34to the people who are at the bottom
and telling them to work harder -
12:34 - 12:38as if we have ever worked ourselves out
of the situations they find themselves in. -
12:39 - 12:44The main reason poverty
and other social issues persist is -
12:44 - 12:48the big gap in society
and structural differences -
12:48 - 12:51and I'm trying to show
this situation through this picture. -
12:57 - 13:02Again, the story is not finished.
-
13:02 - 13:05We've just criticised people
from inside our bubbles. -
13:06 - 13:09Our imagination about society is
-
13:09 - 13:15created only within
our limited social boundary. -
13:16 - 13:20Looking at the results from this study,
-
13:20 - 13:22our own trust and cooperation with others
-
13:22 - 13:33is limited by our parents,
friends and relatives. -
13:33 - 13:37In other words, we are still
operating inside a bubble. -
13:39 - 13:42So what can we do to burst this bubble?
-
13:43 - 13:45Rather than just sitting here
and complaining, -
13:45 - 13:46we should look for solutions.
-
13:46 - 13:49There are two things that need to be done.
-
13:49 - 13:52First, we need to remove
social barriers or, in other words, -
13:52 - 13:54narrow the gaps in this ladder,
-
13:54 - 13:57so that those people at the bottom
can move up the ladder. -
13:57 - 14:00We need to make social reform.
-
14:00 - 14:04But what is constraining this
social reform from happening is that we - -
14:04 - 14:07the young people
who are the future of Mongolia- -
14:07 - 14:11still remain in our bubbles, if we don't
burst them, this change will never happen. -
14:12 - 14:16Let's reduce the height of the ladder
with the two arrows pointing -
14:16 - 14:18and provide equal opportunity.
-
14:18 - 14:22Next, let's burst our bubbles.
-
14:22 - 14:26(Applause)
-
14:26 - 14:29This is a picture of a bubble
-
14:29 - 14:32where we blame or praise the individual
-
14:32 - 14:37and imagine the individual as isolated
from the rest of the society. -
14:37 - 14:44We should become the young professionals
who don't blame the individual -
14:44 - 14:47but rather who try to see the underlying
reasons and conditions for problems -
14:47 - 14:52in a much broader way based on evidence,
research and using our intelligence. -
14:53 - 14:56Then why should we burst our bubble
and what change can this bring? -
14:56 - 15:02Like this picture
I'm showing you right here, -
15:02 - 15:07we want a society where everyone
has an equal opportunity to move up there -
15:07 - 15:13and reach success and a society
with adequate structure. -
15:13 - 15:19The basis of creating this kind of society
is that we ourselves leave our bubble. -
15:19 - 15:24All of us, to burst this bubble, like I
was trying to convince you earlier, -
15:24 - 15:26rather than seeing Turuu
or someone else's success -
15:26 - 15:33or failure through the matter
purely of personal effort, -
15:33 - 15:37we should learn to ask ourselves
-
15:38 - 15:40do we have skills to see
the society as a whole? -
15:40 - 15:41Thank you.
-
15:41 - 15:44(Applause)
- Title:
- How to make change to the society? Burst the bubble
- Description:
-
Executive director of Independent Research Institute of Mongolia, sociologist Dolgion specializes in project management, strategy development, monitoring, evaluation, and capacity building. She is currently studying the increasing social stratification in Mongolia, its effect, and possible methods we can utilize as a community to prevent from its negative outcomes.
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx
- Video Language:
- Mongolian
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 15:47