Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
-
0:01 - 0:04I'm here today to talk about
the two ideas that, -
0:04 - 0:06at least based on
my observations at Khan Academy, -
0:06 - 0:10are kind of the core,
or the key leverage points for learning. -
0:10 - 0:12And it's the idea of mastery
-
0:12 - 0:14and the idea of mindset.
-
0:14 - 0:17I saw this in the early days
working with my cousins. -
0:17 - 0:19A lot of them were having trouble
with math at first, -
0:19 - 0:22because they had all of these gaps
accumulated in their learning. -
0:22 - 0:25And because of that, at some point
they got to an algebra class -
0:25 - 0:29and they might have been a little bit
shaky on some of the pre-algebra, -
0:29 - 0:32and because of that, they thought
they didn't have the math gene. -
0:32 - 0:34Or they'd get to a calculus class,
-
0:34 - 0:37and they'd be a little bit
shaky on the algebra. -
0:37 - 0:38I saw it in the early days
-
0:38 - 0:42when I was uploading
some of those videos on YouTube, -
0:42 - 0:45and I realized that people
who were not my cousins were watching. -
0:45 - 0:47(Laughter)
-
0:47 - 0:51And at first, those comments
were just simple thank-yous. -
0:51 - 0:53I thought that was a pretty big deal.
-
0:53 - 0:56I don't know how much time
you all spend on YouTube. -
0:56 - 0:58Most of the comments are not "Thank you."
-
0:58 - 0:59(Laughter)
-
0:59 - 1:01They're a little edgier than that.
-
1:01 - 1:03But then the comments
got a little more intense, -
1:03 - 1:08student after student saying
that they had grown up not liking math. -
1:08 - 1:11It was getting difficult as they got
into more advanced math topics. -
1:11 - 1:12By the time they got to algebra,
-
1:13 - 1:16they had so many gaps in their knowledge
they couldn't engage with it. -
1:16 - 1:18They thought they didn't
have the math gene. -
1:18 - 1:19But when they were a bit older,
-
1:19 - 1:22they took a little agency
and decided to engage. -
1:22 - 1:24They found resources like Khan Academy
-
1:24 - 1:27and they were able to fill in those gaps
and master those concepts, -
1:27 - 1:29and that reinforced their mindset
that it wasn't fixed; -
1:29 - 1:33that they actually were capable
of learning mathematics. -
1:33 - 1:37And in a lot of ways, this is how
you would master a lot of things in life. -
1:37 - 1:39It's the way you would
learn a martial art. -
1:39 - 1:43In a martial art, you would
practice the white belt skills -
1:43 - 1:44as long as necessary,
-
1:44 - 1:46and only when you've mastered it
-
1:46 - 1:48you would move on to become a yellow belt.
-
1:48 - 1:50It's the way you learn
a musical instrument: -
1:50 - 1:52you practice the basic piece
over and over again, -
1:52 - 1:54and only when you've mastered it,
-
1:54 - 1:55you go on to the more advanced one.
-
1:55 - 1:57But what we point out --
-
1:57 - 2:01this is not the way a traditional
academic model is structured, -
2:01 - 2:05the type of academic model
that most of us grew up in. -
2:05 - 2:06In a traditional academic model,
-
2:06 - 2:09we group students together,
usually by age, -
2:09 - 2:10and around middle school,
-
2:10 - 2:12by age and perceived ability,
-
2:12 - 2:14and we shepherd them all
together at the same pace. -
2:15 - 2:16And what typically happens,
-
2:16 - 2:19let's say we're in a middle school
pre-algebra class, -
2:19 - 2:21and the current unit is on exponents,
-
2:21 - 2:23the teacher will give
a lecture on exponents, -
2:23 - 2:25then we'll go home, do some homework.
-
2:25 - 2:27The next morning,
we'll review the homework, -
2:27 - 2:30then another lecture, homework,
lecture, homework. -
2:30 - 2:32That will continue for about
two or three weeks, -
2:32 - 2:33and then we get a test.
-
2:33 - 2:36On that test, maybe I get a 75 percent,
-
2:37 - 2:38maybe you get a 90 percent,
-
2:38 - 2:40maybe you get a 95 percent.
-
2:40 - 2:43And even though the test identified
gaps in our knowledge, -
2:43 - 2:45I didn't know 25 percent of the material.
-
2:45 - 2:48Even the A student, what was
the five percent they didn't know? -
2:48 - 2:50Even though we've identified the gaps,
-
2:50 - 2:52the whole class will then
move on to the next subject, -
2:52 - 2:56probably a more advanced subject
that's going to build on those gaps. -
2:56 - 2:59It might be logarithms
or negative exponents. -
2:59 - 3:02And that process continues,
and you immediately start to realize -
3:02 - 3:03how strange this is.
-
3:03 - 3:06I didn't know 25 percent
of the more foundational thing, -
3:06 - 3:08and now I'm being pushed
to the more advanced thing. -
3:08 - 3:12And this will continue for months, years,
all the way until at some point, -
3:12 - 3:15I might be in an algebra class
or trigonometry class -
3:15 - 3:16and I hit a wall.
-
3:16 - 3:19And it's not because algebra
is fundamentally difficult -
3:19 - 3:23or because the student isn't bright.
-
3:23 - 3:26It's because I'm seeing an equation
and they're dealing with exponents -
3:26 - 3:29and that 30 percent
that I didn't know is showing up. -
3:29 - 3:32And then I start to disengage.
-
3:32 - 3:36To appreciate how absurd that is,
-
3:36 - 3:39imagine if we did other things
in our life that way. -
3:39 - 3:41Say, home-building.
-
3:41 - 3:43(Laughter)
-
3:45 - 3:48So we bring in the contractor and say,
-
3:48 - 3:51"We were told we have
two weeks to build a foundation. -
3:51 - 3:52Do what you can."
-
3:52 - 3:55(Laughter)
-
3:55 - 3:57So they do what they can.
-
3:57 - 3:58Maybe it rains.
-
3:58 - 4:00Maybe some of the supplies don't show up.
-
4:00 - 4:03And two weeks later,
the inspector comes, looks around, -
4:03 - 4:06says, "OK, the concrete
is still wet right over there, -
4:06 - 4:08that part's not quite up to code ...
-
4:09 - 4:10I'll give it an 80 percent."
-
4:10 - 4:11(Laughter)
-
4:11 - 4:14You say, "Great! That's a C.
Let's build the first floor." -
4:14 - 4:15(Laughter)
-
4:15 - 4:16Same thing.
-
4:16 - 4:20We have two weeks, do what you can,
inspector shows up, it's a 75 percent. -
4:20 - 4:21Great, that's a D-plus.
-
4:21 - 4:23Second floor, third floor,
-
4:23 - 4:25and all of a sudden,
while you're building the third floor, -
4:25 - 4:27the whole structure collapses.
-
4:27 - 4:30And if your reaction is the reaction
you typically have in education, -
4:30 - 4:31or that a lot of folks have,
-
4:31 - 4:34you might say, maybe
we had a bad contractor, -
4:34 - 4:37or maybe we needed better inspection
or more frequent inspection. -
4:37 - 4:39But what was really broken
was the process. -
4:39 - 4:42We were artificially constraining
how long we had to something, -
4:42 - 4:44pretty much ensuring a variable outcome,
-
4:44 - 4:48and we took the trouble of inspecting
and identifying those gaps, -
4:48 - 4:50but then we built right on top of it.
-
4:50 - 4:53So the idea of mastery learning
is to do the exact opposite. -
4:53 - 4:55Instead of artificially
constraining, fixing -
4:55 - 4:57when and how long you work on something,
-
4:57 - 5:00pretty much ensuring
that variable outcome, -
5:00 - 5:01the A, B, C, D, F --
-
5:02 - 5:03do it the other way around.
-
5:04 - 5:06What's variable is when and how long
-
5:06 - 5:08a student actually has
to work on something, -
5:08 - 5:11and what's fixed is that
they actually master the material. -
5:11 - 5:13And it's important to realize
-
5:13 - 5:16that not only will this make the student
learn their exponents better, -
5:17 - 5:19but it'll reinforce
the right mindset muscles. -
5:19 - 5:23It makes them realize that if you got
20 percent wrong on something, -
5:23 - 5:26it doesn't mean that you have
a C branded in your DNA somehow. -
5:26 - 5:29It means that you should just
keep working on it. -
5:29 - 5:31You should have grit;
you should have perseverance; -
5:31 - 5:33you should take agency over your learning.
-
5:34 - 5:37Now, a lot of skeptics might say,
well, hey, this is all great, -
5:37 - 5:40philosophically, this whole idea
of mastery-based learning -
5:40 - 5:41and its connection to mindset,
-
5:41 - 5:43students taking agency
over their learning. -
5:43 - 5:46It makes a lot of sense,
but it seems impractical. -
5:46 - 5:50To actually do it, every student
would be on their own track. -
5:50 - 5:51It would have to be personalized,
-
5:51 - 5:55you'd have to have private tutors
and worksheets for every student. -
5:55 - 5:56And these aren't new ideas --
-
5:56 - 5:59there were experiments
in Winnetka, Illinois, 100 years ago, -
5:59 - 6:02where they did mastery-based learning
and saw great results, -
6:02 - 6:05but they said it wouldn't scale
because it was logistically difficult. -
6:05 - 6:08The teacher had to give different
worksheets to every student, -
6:08 - 6:09give on-demand assessments.
-
6:09 - 6:12But now today, it's no longer impractical.
-
6:12 - 6:13We have the tools to do it.
-
6:13 - 6:16Students see an explanation
at their own time and pace? -
6:16 - 6:17There's on-demand video for that.
-
6:17 - 6:19They need practice? They need feedback?
-
6:19 - 6:24There's adaptive exercises
readily available for students. -
6:24 - 6:27And when that happens,
all sorts of neat things happen. -
6:27 - 6:30One, the students can actually
master the concepts, -
6:30 - 6:32but they're also building
their growth mindset, -
6:32 - 6:34they're building grit, perseverance,
-
6:34 - 6:36they're taking agency over their learning.
-
6:36 - 6:38And all sorts of beautiful things
can start to happen -
6:38 - 6:40in the actual classroom.
-
6:40 - 6:42Instead of it being focused
on the lecture, -
6:42 - 6:44students can interact with each other.
-
6:44 - 6:46They can get deeper mastery
over the material. -
6:46 - 6:49They can go into simulations,
Socratic dialogue. -
6:49 - 6:51To appreciate what we're talking about
-
6:51 - 6:55and the tragedy of lost potential here,
-
6:55 - 6:58I'd like to give a little bit
of a thought experiment. -
6:59 - 7:04If we were to go 400 years
into the past to Western Europe, -
7:04 - 7:07which even then, was one of the more
literate parts of the planet, -
7:07 - 7:11you would see that about 15 percent
of the population knew how to read. -
7:12 - 7:15And I suspect that if you asked someone
who did know how to read, -
7:15 - 7:17say a member of the clergy,
-
7:17 - 7:21"What percentage of the population
do you think is even capable of reading?" -
7:21 - 7:24They might say, "Well,
with a great education system, -
7:24 - 7:27maybe 20 or 30 percent."
-
7:27 - 7:29But if you fast forward to today,
-
7:29 - 7:32we know that that prediction
would have been wildly pessimistic, -
7:32 - 7:36that pretty close to 100 percent
of the population is capable of reading. -
7:36 - 7:39But if I were to ask you
a similar question: -
7:39 - 7:43"What percentage of the population
do you think is capable -
7:43 - 7:46of truly mastering calculus,
-
7:46 - 7:49or understanding organic chemistry,
-
7:49 - 7:52or being able to contribute
to cancer research?" -
7:52 - 7:55A lot of you might say, "Well,
with a great education system, -
7:55 - 7:57maybe 20, 30 percent."
-
7:58 - 7:59But what if that estimate
-
7:59 - 8:03is just based on your own experience
in a non-mastery framework, -
8:03 - 8:05your own experience with yourself
or observing your peers, -
8:05 - 8:08where you're being pushed
at this set pace through classes, -
8:08 - 8:10accumulating all these gaps?
-
8:10 - 8:11Even when you got that 95 percent,
-
8:11 - 8:13what was that five percent you missed?
-
8:13 - 8:16And it keeps accumulating --
you get to an advanced class, -
8:16 - 8:18all of a sudden you hit a wall and say,
-
8:18 - 8:20"I'm not meant to be a cancer researcher;
-
8:20 - 8:23not meant to be a physicist;
not meant to be a mathematician." -
8:23 - 8:25I suspect that that actually is the case,
-
8:25 - 8:29but if you were allowed to be operating
in a mastery framework, -
8:29 - 8:32if you were allowed to really
take agency over your learning, -
8:32 - 8:34and when you get something wrong,
-
8:34 - 8:36embrace it -- view that failure
as a moment of learning -- -
8:36 - 8:40that number, the percent
that could really master calculus -
8:40 - 8:42or understand organic chemistry,
-
8:42 - 8:45is actually a lot closer to 100 percent.
-
8:46 - 8:48And this isn't even just a "nice to have."
-
8:49 - 8:51I think it's a social imperative.
-
8:52 - 8:55We're exiting what you could call
the industrial age -
8:55 - 8:59and we're going into
this information revolution. -
9:00 - 9:02And it's clear that some
things are happening. -
9:02 - 9:04In the industrial age,
society was a pyramid. -
9:04 - 9:09At the base of the pyramid,
you needed human labor. -
9:09 - 9:12In the middle of the pyramid,
you had an information processing, -
9:12 - 9:14a bureaucracy class,
-
9:14 - 9:18and at the top of the pyramid,
you had your owners of capital -
9:18 - 9:20and your entrepreneurs
-
9:20 - 9:21and your creative class.
-
9:22 - 9:24But we know what's happening already,
-
9:24 - 9:26as we go into this information revolution.
-
9:26 - 9:29The bottom of that pyramid,
automation, is going to take over. -
9:29 - 9:31Even that middle tier,
information processing, -
9:31 - 9:33that's what computers are good at.
-
9:33 - 9:34So as a society, we have a question:
-
9:35 - 9:38All this new productivity is happening
because of this technology, -
9:38 - 9:39but who participates in it?
-
9:39 - 9:42Is it just going to be that very top
of the pyramid, in which case, -
9:42 - 9:44what does everyone else do?
-
9:44 - 9:45How do they operate?
-
9:45 - 9:47Or do we do something
that's more aspirational? -
9:48 - 9:51Do we actually attempt
to invert the pyramid, -
9:51 - 9:53where you have a large creative class,
-
9:53 - 9:56where almost everyone
can participate as an entrepreneur, -
9:56 - 9:58an artist, as a researcher?
-
9:59 - 10:01And I don't think that this is utopian.
-
10:01 - 10:03I really think that this
is all based on the idea -
10:03 - 10:05that if we let people
tap into their potential -
10:05 - 10:07by mastering concepts,
-
10:07 - 10:11by being able to exercise agency
over their learning, -
10:11 - 10:12that they can get there.
-
10:13 - 10:17And when you think of it
as just a citizen of the world, -
10:17 - 10:18it's pretty exciting.
-
10:18 - 10:21I mean, think about
the type of equity we can we have, -
10:21 - 10:24and the rate at which civilization
could even progress. -
10:24 - 10:27And so, I'm pretty optimistic about it.
-
10:27 - 10:30I think it's going to be
a pretty exciting time to be alive. -
10:30 - 10:31Thank you.
-
10:31 - 10:37(Applause)
- Title:
- Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores
- Speaker:
- Salman Khan
- Description:
-
Would you choose to build a house on top of an unfinished foundation? Of course not. Why, then, do we rush students through education when they haven't always grasped the basics? Yes, it's complicated, but educator Sal Khan shares his plan to turn struggling students into scholars by helping them to master concepts at their own pace.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 10:49
Yasushi Aoki commented on English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Camille Martínez accepted English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Camille Martínez edited English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for Let's teach for mastery -- not test scores |
Yasushi Aoki
the type of equity we can we have,
->
the type of equity we can have,