Your body in a microchip: Geraldine Hamilton at TEDxBoston
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0:11 - 0:14We have a global health challenge
in our hands today, -
0:14 - 0:19and that is that the way
we currently discover and develop -
0:19 - 0:21new drugs is too costly,
-
0:21 - 0:24takes far too long,
-
0:24 - 0:28and it fails more often than it suceeds.
-
0:28 - 0:30It really just isn't working,
-
0:30 - 0:35and that means that patients
that badly need new therapies -
0:35 - 0:39are not getting them
and diseases are going untreated. -
0:40 - 0:43We seem to be spending
more and more money, -
0:43 - 0:47so for every billion dollars
we spend in R&D, -
0:47 - 0:51we're getting less drugs
approved into the market. -
0:51 - 0:56More money, less drugs.
So what's going on here? -
0:56 - 0:58Well, there's a multitude
of factors at play, -
0:58 - 1:00but I think one of the key factors
-
1:00 - 1:04is that the tools that
we currently have available -
1:04 - 1:07to test whether a drug is going to work,
-
1:07 - 1:10whether it has efficacy
or whether is going to be safe -
1:10 - 1:15before we get it into human
clinical trials, are failing us. -
1:15 - 1:19They're not predicting what
is going to happen in humans -
1:19 - 1:23and we two main tools
available at our disposal: -
1:24 - 1:28there are cells in dishes
and animal testing. -
1:28 - 1:31Now, let's talk about
the first one: cells in dishes. -
1:31 - 1:34So, cells are happily
functioning in our bodies, -
1:34 - 1:38we take them and rip them out
of their native environment, -
1:38 - 1:41throw them out in one of these dishes
and expect them to work. -
1:41 - 1:43Guess what? They don't.
-
1:43 - 1:45They don't like that environment,
-
1:45 - 1:48because it's nothing like
what they have in the body. -
1:49 - 1:51What about animal testing?
-
1:51 - 1:56Well, animals do and can provide
extremely useful information. -
1:56 - 2:00They teach us about what happens
in the complex organism, -
2:00 - 2:03we learn more about the biology itself.
-
2:03 - 2:06However, more often than not,
-
2:06 - 2:10animal models fail to predict
what will happen in humans, -
2:10 - 2:13when they're treated
with a particular drug, -
2:14 - 2:16So we need better tools.
-
2:16 - 2:19We need human cells
but we need to find a way -
2:19 - 2:22to keep them happy outside the body.
-
2:22 - 2:25Now, before I tell how we do that,
-
2:25 - 2:28let's do a little exercise together.
-
2:28 - 2:30Alright. Everybody close your eyes,
-
2:30 - 2:33come on, those of you in the back
that I can't see, close your eyes, -
2:33 - 2:35come on, I'm going to do this with you.
-
2:35 - 2:40Now, take a deep breath in
and breath out, -
2:40 - 2:44and again, breath in, and breath out.
-
2:44 - 2:46Now feel the beat of your heart,
-
2:46 - 2:50feel it pumping that blood
throughout your body. -
2:50 - 2:53And now, ok, now wiggle around
a little in your seats -
2:53 - 2:56come on, move, come on,
you've been sitting for a while. -
2:56 - 2:57Alright, open your eyes.
-
2:57 - 3:01Besides that being a fun exercise
that is good for relaxation, -
3:01 - 3:06it helps to illustrate that all bodies
are dynamic environments. -
3:06 - 3:10We are in constant motion.
Our cells experience that. -
3:10 - 3:13They're in dynamic
environments in our body. -
3:13 - 3:15They're under constant mechanical forces.
-
3:15 - 3:20So, if we want to make cells
happy outside our bodies, -
3:20 - 3:22we need to become cell architects.
-
3:22 - 3:26We need to design, build and engineer
-
3:26 - 3:30a home away from home for the cells.
-
3:30 - 3:33And at the Wyss Institute,
we've done just that. -
3:33 - 3:39We call it an "organ on a chip",
and I have one right here. -
3:39 - 3:40It's beautiful, isn't it?
-
3:40 - 3:43But it's pretty incredible,
right here in my hand -
3:43 - 3:48is a breathing, living,
human lung-on-a-chip. -
3:48 - 3:51And it's not just beautiful :
-
3:51 - 3:53it can do tremendous amounts of things.
-
3:53 - 3:56We have living cells in that little chip,
-
3:56 - 4:00cells that are dynamic environments,
-
4:00 - 4:03interacting with different cell types.
-
4:05 - 4:09And, there's been many people
trying to grow cells in the lab, -
4:09 - 4:12they've tried many different approaches.
-
4:12 - 4:15They've even try to grow
little mini organs in the lab. -
4:15 - 4:17We're not trying to do that here,
-
4:17 - 4:20we're simply trying
to recreate, in this tiny chip, -
4:20 - 4:26the smallest, functional unit
that represents the biochemistry, -
4:26 - 4:29the function and the mechanical strain
-
4:29 - 4:32that the cells experience in our bodies.
-
4:32 - 4:34So, how does it work?
-
4:34 - 4:36Let me show you.
-
4:36 - 4:39We use techniques from
the computer chip manufacturing industry -
4:39 - 4:42to make these structures at a scale
-
4:42 - 4:45relevant to both the cells
and their environment. -
4:45 - 4:47We have three fluidic channels.
-
4:47 - 4:50In the center, we have
a porous flexible membrane, -
4:50 - 4:54on which we can add humans cells
from, say, our lungs, -
4:54 - 4:57and then underneath,
they have capillary cells - -
4:57 - 4:59the cells in our blood vessels.
-
4:59 - 5:02And we can then apply
mechanical forces to the chip -
5:02 - 5:05that stretch and contract the membrane,
-
5:05 - 5:09so the cells experience
the same mechanical forces -
5:09 - 5:11that they did when we breathed,
-
5:11 - 5:14and how they experienced them
like they did in the body. -
5:14 - 5:17There's air flowing through
the top channel, -
5:17 - 5:20and then we throw a liquid
that contains nutrients, -
5:20 - 5:23through the blood channel.
-
5:24 - 5:26Now, the chip is really beautiful.
-
5:26 - 5:28But, what can we do with it?
-
5:28 - 5:32So when I ask this question,
that often sparks a lot of ideas. -
5:32 - 5:34Some of my fellow TEDx presenters
have suggested -
5:34 - 5:36we can make jewelry out of them.
-
5:36 - 5:37(Laughter)
-
5:37 - 5:40Now, I think a "lung-on-a-chip" necklace
would look quite nice. -
5:40 - 5:43However, it does much more than this.
-
5:43 - 5:47We can get incredible functionality
inside these little chips. -
5:47 - 5:50Let me show you:
we could, for example, -
5:50 - 5:54make an infection, where we add
bacterial cells into the lung, -
5:54 - 5:58then we can add human white bloods cells.
-
5:58 - 6:02White blood cells are our bodies' defense
against bacterial invaders, -
6:02 - 6:05and when they sense
this inflammation due to infection, -
6:05 - 6:07they will enter from
the blood into the lung -
6:07 - 6:10and engulf the bacteria.
-
6:10 - 6:12Well, now, you're going
to see this happening live -
6:12 - 6:15in an actual human lung-on-a-chip.
-
6:15 - 6:19We labeled the white bloods cells
so you can see them flowing through, -
6:19 - 6:22and when they detect that infection,
they begin to stick. -
6:22 - 6:25They stick and then they try to go
-
6:25 - 6:28into the lung side
from the blood channel. -
6:28 - 6:31And you can see here,
we can actually visualize -
6:31 - 6:35a single white blood cell.
-
6:35 - 6:39It sticks, it wiggles its way through
between the cell layers, -
6:39 - 6:43through the pore, comes out
on the other side of the membrane, -
6:43 - 6:47and right there is going to engulf
the bacteria labeled in green. -
6:47 - 6:50In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
-
6:50 - 6:56one of the most fundamental responses
our body has to an infection. -
6:56 - 7:00it's the way we respond,
an immune response. -
7:00 - 7:02it's pretty exciting.
-
7:02 - 7:04Now, I want to share
this picture with you. -
7:04 - 7:08I want to share this with you
because it's a beautiful photograph. -
7:09 - 7:11It's almost like art.
-
7:11 - 7:14As a cell biologist, I could look
at pictures like these all day long. -
7:14 - 7:16But I wanted to share it with you,
-
7:16 - 7:18not just because it's so beautiful,
-
7:18 - 7:22but because it tells us
an enormous amount of information -
7:22 - 7:25about what the cells
are doing within the chips. -
7:25 - 7:29It tells us that these cells
from the small airways in our lungs -
7:29 - 7:31actually have these hair-like structures
-
7:31 - 7:34that you would expect to see in a lung.
-
7:34 - 7:37These structures are called cilia
and they actually move -
7:37 - 7:40the mucus out of the lung.
Yeah, mucus, yuck! -
7:40 - 7:43But mucus is actually very important.
-
7:43 - 7:46Mucus traps particulates,
viruses, potential allergens -
7:46 - 7:49and these little cilia move
and clear the mucus out. -
7:49 - 7:54When they get damaged,
say by cigarette smoke, for example, -
7:54 - 7:57they don't work properly
and they can't clear that mucus out, -
7:57 - 8:01and that can lead to diseases
such as bronchitis. -
8:01 - 8:06Cillia and the clearance of mucus
are also involved in awful diseases, -
8:06 - 8:08like cystic fibrosis.
-
8:09 - 8:12But now, with the functionality
that we get in these chips, -
8:12 - 8:16we can begin to look
for potential new treatments. -
8:16 - 8:18We didn't stop with a lung-on-a-chip,
-
8:18 - 8:20we have a gut-on-a-chip,
-
8:20 - 8:22you can see one right here.
-
8:22 - 8:29And we've put intestinal human cells
in our gut-on-a-chip, -
8:29 - 8:31and they're under
constant peristaltic motion, -
8:31 - 8:35this trickling flow through the cells,
-
8:35 - 8:37and we can mimic many of the functions
-
8:37 - 8:42that you actually would expect
to see in the human intestine. -
8:42 - 8:46Now we can begin
to create models of diseases -
8:46 - 8:49such as irritable bowel syndrome.
-
8:49 - 8:52This is a disease that affects
a large number of individuals, -
8:52 - 8:54it's really debilitating,
-
8:54 - 8:58and they aren't really many
good treatments for it. -
8:59 - 9:03Now, we have a whole pipeline
of different organ chips -
9:03 - 9:06that we are currently
working on in our labs. -
9:07 - 9:10Now, the true power
of this technology, however, -
9:10 - 9:16really comes from the fact
that we can fluidly link them. -
9:16 - 9:18There's fluid flowing across these cells,
-
9:18 - 9:22so we can begin to interconnect
multiple different chips together -
9:22 - 9:27to form what we call
a virtual human-on-a-chip. -
9:27 - 9:29Now, we're really getting excited.
-
9:29 - 9:34So, we're not going to ever recreate
a whole human in these chips -
9:34 - 9:39but what our goal is, is to be able
to recreate sufficient functionality -
9:39 - 9:42so that we can make better predictions
-
9:42 - 9:45of what's going to happen in humans
-
9:45 - 9:48For example, now we can begin
to explore what happens -
9:48 - 9:51when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
-
9:51 - 9:54Those of you like me who have asthma,
when you take you inhaler, -
9:54 - 9:57we can explore how that drug
comes into your lungs, -
9:57 - 10:01how it enters the body,
how it might affect your heart, -
10:01 - 10:02does it change the beating of your heart?
-
10:02 - 10:04Does it have a toxicity?
-
10:04 - 10:07Does it get cleared by the liver?
-
10:07 - 10:09Is it metabolizes in the liver?
-
10:09 - 10:11Is it excreted in your kidneys?
-
10:11 - 10:14We can begin to study
the dynamic response -
10:14 - 10:16of the body to a drug.
-
10:16 - 10:19This could really revolutionize
and be a game changer, -
10:19 - 10:22for not only
the pharmaceutical industry, -
10:22 - 10:24but a whole host
of different industries, -
10:24 - 10:27including the cosmetics industry.
-
10:27 - 10:29So, how many of you are wearing lipstick?
-
10:29 - 10:33Or used soap in the shower this morning?
-
10:33 - 10:37We can potentially use the skin-on-a-chip
-
10:37 - 10:39that we're currently developing on the lab
-
10:39 - 10:42to test whether the ingredients
in these products that you're using -
10:42 - 10:44are actually safe to put on your skin,
-
10:44 - 10:47without the need for animal testing.
-
10:47 - 10:52We could test the safety
of chemicals that we're exposed to -
10:52 - 10:54on a daily basis in our environment,
-
10:54 - 10:57such as chemicals
in regular household cleaners. -
10:57 - 11:00We could also use the organs-on-chips
-
11:00 - 11:06for applications in bioterrorism,
or radiation exposure. -
11:06 - 11:10We could use them to learn
more about these diseases -
11:10 - 11:16such as Ebola or other deadly diseases,
such as SARS. -
11:16 - 11:17And why are this useful?
-
11:17 - 11:21Because you can't really
ask a volunteer in a clinical trial, -
11:21 - 11:24"Let me treat you
with a whole bunch of radiation, -
11:24 - 11:28and then i'll see if my new drug
can actually repair the damage." -
11:28 - 11:29That's just not going to happen.
-
11:29 - 11:33But our organs-on-chips offer
a whole new possibility. -
11:35 - 11:37What about clinical trials?
-
11:37 - 11:39Organs in chips could
also change with the way -
11:39 - 11:41we do clinical trials in the future.
-
11:41 - 11:46Right now, the average participant
in a clinical trial is that: -
11:46 - 11:51average, tends to be middle age,
tends to be female. -
11:51 - 11:55You won't find many clinical trials
in which children are involved. -
11:55 - 11:58Yet, everyday we give children medications
-
11:58 - 12:02and the only safety data
we have on that drug -
12:02 - 12:06is one that we obtained from adults.
-
12:06 - 12:07Children are not adults,
-
12:07 - 12:10they may not respond
in the same way adults do. -
12:10 - 12:14There are other things, like
genetic differences in populations -
12:14 - 12:17that may lead to risk populations
-
12:17 - 12:20that are at risk of having
an adverse drug reaction. -
12:20 - 12:24Now imagine if we could take cells
from all those different populations, -
12:24 - 12:27put them on chips
and create populations-on-a-chip. -
12:27 - 12:31This could really change
the way we do clinical trials. -
12:32 - 12:34Now, I've told you about
-
12:34 - 12:36some amazing work
and amazing technology. -
12:36 - 12:40And this is the team, the people
and the team that are doing this. -
12:40 - 12:44We have engineers, we have
cell biologists, we have clinicians, -
12:44 - 12:46all working together.
-
12:46 - 12:50We're really seeing something
quite incredible at the Weyss Institute, -
12:50 - 12:52it's really a convergence of disciplines,
-
12:52 - 12:56where biology and engineering
are actually coming together. -
12:56 - 13:00Where biology is influencing
the way we design, -
13:00 - 13:03the way we engineer, the way we build.
-
13:03 - 13:06It's pretty exciting, and it's happening
right here in Boston. -
13:06 - 13:10And that's pretty cool because in Boston
we're able to easily collaborate -
13:10 - 13:15with so many academic institutions,
hospitals and industry. -
13:15 - 13:17And we're doing just that.
-
13:17 - 13:20We're establishing important
industry collaborations, -
13:20 - 13:24such as the one we have
with a company -
13:24 - 13:29that has expertise in
large-scale digital manufacturing. -
13:29 - 13:32They're going to help us make,
instead of one of these, -
13:32 - 13:34millions of these chips,
-
13:34 - 13:38so that we can get them into the hands
of as many researchers as possible. -
13:38 - 13:42And this is key to the potential
of that technology. -
13:42 - 13:45Now, let me show you our instrument.
-
13:45 - 13:46This is an instrument that our engineers
-
13:46 - 13:49are actually prototyping
right now, in the lab, -
13:49 - 13:53and this instrument is going to give us
the engineering controls -
13:53 - 13:56that we're going to require
in order to link -
13:56 - 13:58ten or more organ chips together.
-
13:58 - 14:01But it does something else
that is very important: -
14:01 - 14:05it creates an easy user interface,
so a cell biologist like me can come in, -
14:06 - 14:10take a chip, put it in a cartridge
like the prototype you see there, -
14:10 - 14:15put the cartridge into the machine
just like you would a CD, and away you go. -
14:15 - 14:17Plug and play. Easy.
-
14:18 - 14:21Now, let's imagine a little bit
what the future might look like -
14:21 - 14:25if I could take your stem cells
and put them on a chip, -
14:25 - 14:28or your stem cells
and put them on a chip. -
14:28 - 14:32It would be a personalized chip
just for you. -
14:32 - 14:35Now, all of us in here are individuals.
-
14:35 - 14:38And those individual differences
-
14:38 - 14:41mean that we could react very differently,
-
14:41 - 14:44and sometimes in unpredictable ways,
to drugs. -
14:45 - 14:49I, myself, a couple of years back,
had a really bad headache. -
14:49 - 14:51I just couldn't shake it,
-
14:51 - 14:53thought "I'll try something different".
I took some Advil. -
14:53 - 14:5615 minutes later, I was on my way
to the emergency room -
14:56 - 14:58with a full-blown asthma attack.
-
14:58 - 15:01Now, obviously, it wasn't fatal,
but unfortunately, -
15:01 - 15:06some of these adverse drug reactions
can be fatal. -
15:06 - 15:08So how do we prevent them?
-
15:08 - 15:13Well, we could imagine one day
having Geraldine-on-a-chip, -
15:13 - 15:16having Danielle-on-a-chip,
having you-on-a chip. -
15:16 - 15:18Personalized medicine.
-
15:18 - 15:19Thank you.
-
15:19 - 15:23(Applause)
- Title:
- Your body in a microchip: Geraldine Hamilton at TEDxBoston
- Description:
-
The development of new medicine is problematic because laboratories cannot replicate the human body's environment, making it difficult to determine how patients will respond to treatment. At TEDxBoston, Geraldine Hamilton demonstrates how scientists can implant living human cells into microchips that mimic the body's conditions. These "organs-on-a-chip" can be used to study drug toxicity, identify potential new therapies, and could lead to safer clinical trials.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 15:27
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