[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.56,0:00:14.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a global health challenge\Nin our hands today,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.21,0:00:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is that the way\Nwe currently discover and develop
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.78,0:00:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new drugs is too costly,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.50,0:00:23.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes far too long,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.99,0:00:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it fails more often than it suceeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.07,0:00:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It really just isn't working,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.14,0:00:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that means that patients\Nthat badly need new therapies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.57,0:00:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not getting them\Nand diseases are going untreated.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.72,0:00:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We seem to be spending\Nmore and more money,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.59,0:00:46.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so for every billion dollars\Nwe spend in R&D,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.75,0:00:50.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're getting less drugs\Napproved into the market.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.57,0:00:55.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More money, less drugs.\NSo what's going on here?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.65,0:00:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's a multitude\Nof factors at play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.43,0:01:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I think one of the key factors
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.45,0:01:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the tools that\Nwe currently have available
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.99,0:01:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test whether a drug is going to work,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.77,0:01:10.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it has efficacy\Nor whether is going to be safe
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.11,0:01:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we get it into human\Nclinical trials, are failing us.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.84,0:01:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not predicting what\Nis going to happen in humans
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.62,0:01:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we two main tools\Navailable at our disposal:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.66,0:01:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are cells in dishes\Nand animal testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.12,0:01:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's talk about\Nthe first one: cells in dishes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.29,0:01:33.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, cells are happily\Nfunctioning in our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.100,0:01:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take them and rip them out\Nof their native environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.60,0:01:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throw them out in one of these dishes\Nand expect them to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.75,0:01:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guess what? They don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.74,0:01:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't like that environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.62,0:01:47.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's nothing like\Nwhat they have in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.82,0:01:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about animal testing?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.82,0:01:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, animals do and can provide\Nextremely useful information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.82,0:01:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They teach us about what happens\Nin the complex organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.70,0:02:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we learn more about the biology itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.23,0:02:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, more often than not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.28,0:02:09.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animal models fail to predict\Nwhat will happen in humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.94,0:02:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're treated\Nwith a particular drug,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.77,0:02:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we need better tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.85,0:02:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need human cells\Nbut we need to find a way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.98,0:02:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep them happy outside the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.29,0:02:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, before I tell how we do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.25,0:02:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's do a little exercise together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.82,0:02:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright. Everybody close your eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.60,0:02:32.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come on, those of you in the back\Nthat I can't see, close your eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.87,0:02:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come on, I'm going to do this with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.86,0:02:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, take a deep breath in\Nand breath out,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.84,0:02:43.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and again, breath in, and breath out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.57,0:02:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now feel the beat of your heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.12,0:02:49.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feel it pumping that blood\Nthroughout your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.57,0:02:52.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, ok, now wiggle around\Na little in your seats
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.81,0:02:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,come on, move, come on,\Nyou've been sitting for a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.54,0:02:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, open your eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.08,0:03:00.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides that being a fun exercise\Nthat is good for relaxation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.87,0:03:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it helps to illustrate that all bodies\Nare dynamic environments.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.59,0:03:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are in constant motion.\NOur cells experience that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.73,0:03:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're in dynamic\Nenvironments in our body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.66,0:03:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're under constant mechanical forces.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.12,0:03:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if we want to make cells\Nhappy outside our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.57,0:03:22.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to become cell architects.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.37,0:03:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to design, build and engineer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.48,0:03:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a home away from home for the cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.70,0:03:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the Wyss Institute,\Nwe've done just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.20,0:03:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it an "organ on a chip",\Nand I have one right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.54,0:03:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's beautiful, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.42,0:03:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's pretty incredible,\Nright here in my hand
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.70,0:03:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a breathing, living,\Nhuman lung-on-a-chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.95,0:03:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not just beautiful :
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.70,0:03:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can do tremendous amounts of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.45,0:03:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have living cells in that little chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.20,0:03:59.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cells that are dynamic environments,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.51,0:04:02.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interacting with different cell types.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.76,0:04:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, there's been many people\Ntrying to grow cells in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.33,0:04:12.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've tried many different approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.09,0:04:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've even try to grow\Nlittle mini organs in the lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.34,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not trying to do that here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.01,0:04:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're simply trying\Nto recreate, in this tiny chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.94,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smallest, functional unit\Nthat represents the biochemistry,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.51,0:04:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the function and the mechanical strain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.99,0:04:32.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the cells experience in our bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.29,0:04:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.84,0:04:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.63,0:04:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use techniques from\Nthe computer chip manufacturing industry
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.34,0:04:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make these structures at a scale
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.90,0:04:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relevant to both the cells\Nand their environment.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.70,0:04:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have three fluidic channels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.59,0:04:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the center, we have\Na porous flexible membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.26,0:04:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which we can add humans cells\Nfrom, say, our lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.75,0:04:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then underneath,\Nthey have capillary cells -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.72,0:04:58.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cells in our blood vessels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.51,0:05:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can then apply\Nmechanical forces to the chip
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.34,0:05:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stretch and contract the membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.06,0:05:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the cells experience\Nthe same mechanical forces
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.84,0:05:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they did when we breathed,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.30,0:05:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how they experienced them\Nlike they did in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.42,0:05:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's air flowing through\Nthe top channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.04,0:05:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we throw a liquid\Nthat contains nutrients,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.42,0:05:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the blood channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.97,0:05:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the chip is really beautiful.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.40,0:05:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, what can we do with it?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.24,0:05:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I ask this question,\Nthat often sparks a lot of ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.65,0:05:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of my fellow TEDx presenters\Nhave suggested
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.32,0:05:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can make jewelry out of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.39,0:05:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.35,0:05:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I think a "lung-on-a-chip" necklace\Nwould look quite nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.35,0:05:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, it does much more than this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.82,0:05:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get incredible functionality\Ninside these little chips.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.90,0:05:49.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me show you:\Nwe could, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.79,0:05:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make an infection, where we add\Nbacterial cells into the lung,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.22,0:05:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we can add human white bloods cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.99,0:06:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,White blood cells are our bodies' defense\Nagainst bacterial invaders,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.93,0:06:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they sense\Nthis inflammation due to infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.79,0:06:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will enter from\Nthe blood into the lung
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.36,0:06:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and engulf the bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.57,0:06:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, now, you're going\Nto see this happening live
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.37,0:06:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an actual human lung-on-a-chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.21,0:06:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We labeled the white bloods cells\Nso you can see them flowing through,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.57,0:06:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they detect that infection,\Nthey begin to stick.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.95,0:06:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They stick and then they try to go
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.20,0:06:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the lung side\Nfrom the blood channel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.17,0:06:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can see here,\Nwe can actually visualize
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.29,0:06:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a single white blood cell.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.15,0:06:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sticks, it wiggles its way through\Nbetween the cell layers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.10,0:06:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the pore, comes out\Non the other side of the membrane,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.57,0:06:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right there is going to engulf\Nthe bacteria labeled in green.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.32,0:06:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In that tiny chip, you just witnessed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.24,0:06:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the most fundamental responses\Nour body has to an infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.32,0:06:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the way we respond,\Nan immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.85,0:07:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's pretty exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.07,0:07:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I want to share\Nthis picture with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.29,0:07:08.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to share this with you\Nbecause it's a beautiful photograph.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.76,0:07:10.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost like art.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.82,0:07:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a cell biologist, I could look\Nat pictures like these all day long.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.32,0:07:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I wanted to share it with you,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.10,0:07:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not just because it's so beautiful,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.07,0:07:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it tells us\Nan enormous amount of information
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.74,0:07:24.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about what the cells\Nare doing within the chips.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.61,0:07:28.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tells us that these cells\Nfrom the small airways in our lungs
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.95,0:07:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually have these hair-like structures
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.49,0:07:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you would expect to see in a lung.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.57,0:07:36.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These structures are called cilia\Nand they actually move
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.85,0:07:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mucus out of the lung.\NYeah, mucus, yuck!
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.15,0:07:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But mucus is actually very important.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.53,0:07:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mucus traps particulates,\Nviruses, potential allergens
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.20,0:07:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these little cilia move\Nand clear the mucus out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.43,0:07:54.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they get damaged,\Nsay by cigarette smoke, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.30,0:07:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't work properly\Nand they can't clear that mucus out,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.16,0:08:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that can lead to diseases\Nsuch as bronchitis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.28,0:08:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cillia and the clearance of mucus\Nare also involved in awful diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.24,0:08:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cystic fibrosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.70,0:08:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But now, with the functionality\Nthat we get in these chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.90,0:08:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can begin to look\Nfor potential new treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.74,0:08:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't stop with a lung-on-a-chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.33,0:08:20.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have a gut-on-a-chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.15,0:08:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see one right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.86,0:08:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've put intestinal human cells\Nin our gut-on-a-chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.07,0:08:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're under\Nconstant peristaltic motion,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.49,0:08:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this trickling flow through the cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.51,0:08:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can mimic many of the functions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.38,0:08:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you actually would expect\Nto see in the human intestine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.74,0:08:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we can begin\Nto create models of diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.36,0:08:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as irritable bowel syndrome.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.57,0:08:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a disease that affects\Na large number of individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.23,0:08:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's really debilitating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.15,0:08:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they aren't really many\Ngood treatments for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.60,0:09:03.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we have a whole pipeline\Nof different organ chips
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.14,0:09:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are currently\Nworking on in our labs.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.98,0:09:10.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the true power\Nof this technology, however,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.46,0:09:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really comes from the fact\Nthat we can fluidly link them.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.68,0:09:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's fluid flowing across these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.65,0:09:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so we can begin to interconnect\Nmultiple different chips together
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.65,0:09:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form what we call\Na virtual human-on-a-chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.54,0:09:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, we're really getting excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.48,0:09:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're not going to ever recreate\Na whole human in these chips
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.62,0:09:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what our goal is, is to be able\Nto recreate sufficient functionality
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.36,0:09:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can make better predictions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.06,0:09:44.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's going to happen in humans
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.75,0:09:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, now we can begin\Nto explore what happens
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.90,0:09:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we put a drug like an aerosol drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.61,0:09:53.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those of you like me who have asthma,\Nwhen you take you inhaler,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.66,0:09:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can explore how that drug\Ncomes into your lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.62,0:10:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how it enters the body,\Nhow it might affect your heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.52,0:10:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does it change the beating of your heart?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.47,0:10:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it have a toxicity?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.17,0:10:06.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does it get cleared by the liver?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.72,0:10:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it metabolizes in the liver?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.16,0:10:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it excreted in your kidneys?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.20,0:10:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can begin to study\Nthe dynamic response
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.78,0:10:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the body to a drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.72,0:10:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could really revolutionize\Nand be a game changer,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.94,0:10:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for not only\Nthe pharmaceutical industry,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.82,0:10:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a whole host\Nof different industries,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.42,0:10:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the cosmetics industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.66,0:10:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, how many of you are wearing lipstick?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.08,0:10:32.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or used soap in the shower this morning?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.100,0:10:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can potentially use the skin-on-a-chip
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.94,0:10:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're currently developing on the lab
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.99,0:10:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test whether the ingredients\Nin these products that you're using
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.18,0:10:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually safe to put on your skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.50,0:10:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the need for animal testing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.30,0:10:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could test the safety\Nof chemicals that we're exposed to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.60,0:10:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a daily basis in our environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.87,0:10:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as chemicals\Nin regular household cleaners.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.15,0:11:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could also use the organs-on-chips
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.19,0:11:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for applications in bioterrorism,\Nor radiation exposure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.52,0:11:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could use them to learn\Nmore about these diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.41,0:11:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as Ebola or other deadly diseases,\Nsuch as SARS.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.04,0:11:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why are this useful?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.45,0:11:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because you can't really\Nask a volunteer in a clinical trial,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.08,0:11:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Let me treat you\Nwith a whole bunch of radiation,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.14,0:11:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then i'll see if my new drug\Ncan actually repair the damage."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.58,0:11:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just not going to happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.48,0:11:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But our organs-on-chips offer\Na whole new possibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.78,0:11:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What about clinical trials?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.66,0:11:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Organs in chips could\Nalso change with the way
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.92,0:11:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we do clinical trials in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.11,0:11:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right now, the average participant\Nin a clinical trial is that:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.93,0:11:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,average, tends to be middle age,\Ntends to be female.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.65,0:11:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You won't find many clinical trials\Nin which children are involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.07,0:11:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet, everyday we give children medications
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.98,0:12:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the only safety data\Nwe have on that drug
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.86,0:12:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one that we obtained from adults.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.74,0:12:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Children are not adults,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.24,0:12:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they may not respond\Nin the same way adults do.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.35,0:12:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are other things, like\Ngenetic differences in populations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.70,0:12:16.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may lead to risk populations
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.93,0:12:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are at risk of having\Nan adverse drug reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.48,0:12:23.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine if we could take cells\Nfrom all those different populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.87,0:12:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put them on chips\Nand create populations-on-a-chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.49,0:12:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This could really change\Nthe way we do clinical trials.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.96,0:12:34.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I've told you about
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.31,0:12:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some amazing work\Nand amazing technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.45,0:12:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the team, the people\Nand the team that are doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.93,0:12:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have engineers, we have\Ncell biologists, we have clinicians,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.46,0:12:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all working together.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.39,0:12:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're really seeing something\Nquite incredible at the Weyss Institute,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.74,0:12:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's really a convergence of disciplines,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.36,0:12:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where biology and engineering\Nare actually coming together.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.12,0:12:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where biology is influencing\Nthe way we design,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.86,0:13:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way we engineer, the way we build.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.51,0:13:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty exciting, and it's happening\Nright here in Boston.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.71,0:13:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's pretty cool because in Boston\Nwe're able to easily collaborate
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.71,0:13:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with so many academic institutions,\Nhospitals and industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.11,0:13:16.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're doing just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.67,0:13:19.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're establishing important\Nindustry collaborations,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.87,0:13:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the one we have\Nwith a company
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.25,0:13:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has expertise in\Nlarge-scale digital manufacturing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.63,0:13:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to help us make,\Ninstead of one of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.62,0:13:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of these chips,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.78,0:13:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we can get them into the hands\Nof as many researchers as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.59,0:13:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is key to the potential\Nof that technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.20,0:13:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let me show you our instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.53,0:13:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an instrument that our engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.48,0:13:49.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually prototyping\Nright now, in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.44,0:13:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this instrument is going to give us\Nthe engineering controls
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.71,0:13:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're going to require\Nin order to link
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.61,0:13:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ten or more organ chips together.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.100,0:14:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it does something else\Nthat is very important:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.57,0:14:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it creates an easy user interface,\Nso a cell biologist like me can come in,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.94,0:14:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take a chip, put it in a cartridge\Nlike the prototype you see there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.58,0:14:14.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,put the cartridge into the machine\Njust like you would a CD, and away you go.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.65,0:14:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Plug and play. Easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.54,0:14:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's imagine a little bit\Nwhat the future might look like
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.28,0:14:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I could take your stem cells\Nand put them on a chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.37,0:14:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or your stem cells\Nand put them on a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.45,0:14:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be a personalized chip\Njust for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.99,0:14:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, all of us in here are individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.33,0:14:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those individual differences
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.76,0:14:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mean that we could react very differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.83,0:14:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes in unpredictable ways,\Nto drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.76,0:14:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, myself, a couple of years back,\Nhad a really bad headache.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.13,0:14:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just couldn't shake it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.60,0:14:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thought "I'll try something different".\NI took some Advil.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.29,0:14:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,15 minutes later, I was on my way\Nto the emergency room
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.94,0:14:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a full-blown asthma attack.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.59,0:15:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, obviously, it wasn't fatal,\Nbut unfortunately,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.03,0:15:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of these adverse drug reactions\Ncan be fatal.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do we prevent them?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.28,0:15:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we could imagine one day\Nhaving Geraldine-on-a-chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.32,0:15:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having Danielle-on-a-chip,\Nhaving you-on-a chip.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.45,0:15:18.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Personalized medicine.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.15,0:15:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.07,0:15:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)