How free is our freedom of the press?

So this is James Risen.

You may know him as the
Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter

for the New York Times.

Long before anybody knew
Edward Snowden's name,

Risen wrote a book in which
he famously exposed that the NSA

was illegally wiretapping
the phone calls of Americans.

But it's another chapter in that book

that may have an even more lasting impact.

In it, he describes a catastrophic
U.S. intelligence operation

in which the CIA quite literally
handed over blueprints

of a nuclear bomb to Iran.

If that sounds crazy, go read it.

It's an incredible story.

But you know who didn't like that chapter?

The U.S. government.

For nearly a decade afterwards,
Risen was the subject

of a U.S. government investigation

in which prosecutors demanded
that he testify

against one of his alleged sources,

and along the way, he became the face
for the U.S. government's recent pattern

of prosecuting whistleblowers
and spying on journalists.

You see, under the First Amendment,
the press has the right

to publish secret information
in the public interest,

but it's impossible to exercise that right
if the media can't also gather that news

and protect the identities
of the brave men and women

who get it to them.

So when the government came knocking,

Risen did what many brave reporters
have done before him:

he refused

and said he'd rather go to jail.

So from 2007-2015,

Risen lived under the specter
of going to federal prison.

That is, until just days before the trial,
when a curious thing happened.

Suddenly, after years of claiming
it was vital to their case,

the government dropped their demands
to Risen altogether.

It turns out, in the age
of electronic surveillance,

there are very few places
reporters and sources can hide,

and instead of trying and failing
to have Risen testify,

they could have his digital trail
testify against him instead.

So completely in secret
and without his consent,

prosecutors got Risen's phone records.

They got his email records,
his financial and banking information,

his credit reports,

even travel records with a list
of flights he had taken.

And it was among this information that
they used to convict Jeffrey Sterling,

Risen's alleged source
and CIA whistleblower.

Sadly, this is only one case of many.

President Obama ran on a promise
to protect whistleblowers,

and instead, his Justice Department
has prosecuted more

than all other administrations combined.

Now, you can see how this
could be a problem,

especially because the government
considers so much of what it does secret.

Since 9/11, virtually every important
story about national security

has been the result of a whistleblower
coming to a journalist.

So we risk seeing the press
unable to do their job

that the First Amendment
is supposed to protect

because of the government's
expanded ability to spy on everyone.

But just as technology has allowed
the government

to circumvent reporters' rights,

the press can also use technology

to protect their sources
even better than before,

and they can start from the moment
they begin speaking with them,

rather than on the witness stand
after the fact.

Communications software now exists

that wasn't available
when Risen was writing his book,

and is much more surveillance-resistant
than regular emails or phone calls.

For example, one such tool SecureDrop,

an open-source whistleblower
submission system

that was originally created by the late
Internet luminary Aaron Swartz,

and is now developed
at the non-profit where I work,

Freedom of the Press Foundation.

Instead of sending an email,

you go to a news organization's website,

like this one here on the Washington Post.

From there, you can upload a document
or send information

much like you would
on any other contact form.

It'll then be encrypted
and stored on a server

that only the news organization
has access to.

So the government can no longer
secretly demand the information,

and much of the information
they would demand

wouldn't be available in the first place.

SecureDrop, though, is really
only a small part of the puzzle

for protecting press freedom
in the 21st century.

Unfortunately, governments
all over the world

are constantly developing
new spying techniques

that put us all at risk,

and it's up to us going forward
to make sure

that it's not just
the tech-savvy whistleblowers

like Edward Snowden who have an avenue
for exposing wrongdoing.

It's just as vital that we protect the
next veteran's health care whistleblower

alerting us to overcrowded hospitals,

or the next environmental worker

sounding the alarm
about Flint's dirty water,

or a Wall Street Insider

warning us of the next financial crisis.

After all, these tools weren't just built
to help the brave men and women

who expose crimes,

but are meant to protect
all of our rights under the Constitution.

Thank you.

(Applause)