A science award that makes you laugh, then think

George and Charlotte Blonsky, who were

a married couple living in
the Brox in New York City,

invented something.

They got a patent in 1965,
for what the call,

"a device to assist women in giving birth."

This device consists of a large, round table

and some machinery.

When the women is ready to deliver her child,

she lies on her back,

she is strapped down to the table,

and the table is rotated at high speed.

The child comes flying out

through centrifugal force.

If you look at their patent carefully,

especially if you have any engineering
background or talent,

You may decide that you see

one or two points where the design
is not perfectly adequate.

Doctor Ivan Schwab in California

is one of the people,
one of the main people

who helped answer the question,

"Why don't woodpeckers get headaches?"

And it turns out the answer to that

is because their brains

are packaged inside their skulls

in a way different from the way

our brains, we being human beings,

true, have our brains packaged.

They, the woodpeckers, typically

will peck, they will bang their head

on a piece of wood thousands
of times everyday.

Everyday.

And as far as anyone knows,

that doesn't bother them in the slightest.

How does this happen?

Their brain does not slosh around like ours does.

Their brain is packed in very tightly,

at least for blows coming
right from the front.

Not too many people paid attention

to this research until
the last few years

when, in this country especially,

people are becoming curious about

what happens to the brains
of football players

who bang their heads repeatedly?

And the woodpecker maybe relates to that.

There was a paper published

in the medical journal The Lancet

in England a few years ago called

" A man who proceed his finger
and smelled putrid for 5 years."

Dr. Caroline Mills and her team

received this patient and
didn't really know what

to do about it.

The man had cut his finger,

he worked processing chickens,

and then he started to
smell really, really bad

So bad that when he
got in a room

with the doctors and the nurses,

they couldn't stand being
in the room with him.

It was intolerable.

They tried every drug,

every other treatment
they could think of.

After a year, he still
smelled putrid.

After two years, still smelled putrid.

Three years, four years
still smelled putrid.

After five years, it went away on its own.

It's a mystery.

In New Zealand, Dr. Leann Parkin

and her team tested an old
tradition in her city.

They live in a city that has huge hills.

San Francisco-grade hills.

And in the winter there,
it gets very cold

and very icy.

There are lots of injuries.

The tradition that they tested,

they tested by asking people

who were on their way to
work in the morning,

to stop and try something out.

Try one of two conditions.

The tradition is that in the winter,

in that city, you wear your socks
on the outside of your boots.

And what they discovered by experiment,

and it was quite graphic when they saw it,

was that it's true.

That if you wear socks on the outside
rather than the inside,

you're much more likely
to survive and not slip and fall.

Now, I hope you will agree
with me that these things

I've just described to you,

each of them, deserves some kind of prize.

And that's what they got,

each of them got an Ig Nobel Prize.

In 1991, I, together with bunch of other people,

started the Ig Nobel Prize ceremony.

Every year we give out 10 prizes.

The prizes are based on just one criteria.

One criteria, it's very simple. It's that
you've done something that

makes people laugh and then think.
What you've done makes people

laugh and then think.
Whatever it is,

there's something about it
that when people encounter it at first,

their only possible reaction is to laugh.

And then a week later,

it's still rattling around in their heads

and all they want to do
is tell their friends about it.

That's the quality we look for.

Every year, we get in the neighborhood

of 9,000 new nominations
for the Ig Nobel Prize.

Of those, consistently between 10 percent

and 20 percent of those nominations

are people who nominate themselves.

Those self-nominees almost never win.

It's very difficult, numerically,
to win a prize if you want to.

Even if you don't want to,

it's very difficult numerically.

You should know that when
we choose somebody

to win an Ig Nobel Prize,

We get in touch with that person,

very quietly, we offer them
the chance to decline

this great honor if they want to.

Happily for us, almost everyone
who's accepted a prize

decides to accept.

What do you get if you
win an Ig Nobel Prize?

Well, you get several things.

You get an Ig Nobel Prize.

The design is different every year.

These are always handmade
from extremely cheap materials.

You're looking at a picture

of a prize we gave last year, 2013.

Most prizes in the world also give

their winners some cash, some money.

We don't have any money,

so we can't give them...

in fact, the winners have to
pay their own way

to come to the Ig Nobel ceremony.

Which most of them do.

Last year, though, we did manage
to scrap up some money.

Last year, each of the 10
Ig Nobel Prize winners

received, from us, 10 trillion dollars.

A 10 trillion dollar bill from Zimbabwe.

You may remember that Zimbabwe
had a little adventure

for a few years there of inflation.

They ended up printing bills

that were in denominations as
large as 100 trillion dollars.

The man responsible, who runs
the national bank there, by the way,

won an Ig Nobel Prize in mathematics.

The other thing you win is an invitation

to come to the ceremony,

which happens at Harvard University.

And when you get there,

you come to Harvard's biggest
meeting place and classroom.

It fits 1,100 people,

it's jammed to the gills,

and up on the stage,

waiting to shake your hand,

waiting to hand you your Ig Nobel Prize,

are a bunch of Nobel Prize winners.

That's the heart of the ceremony.

The winners are kept secret until that moment,

even the Nobel laureates who
will shake their hand

don't know who they are
until they're announced.

I am going to tell you about
just a very few

of the other medical related
prizes we've given.

Keep in mind, we've given 230 prizes.

They're lots of these people
who walk among you.

Maybe you have one.

A paper was published about 30 years ago

called "Injuries due to Falling Coconuts."

It was written by doctor Peter Barss,

who is Canadian.

Dr. Barrs came to the ceremony

and explained that as a young doctor,

he wanted to see the world.

So he went to Papua New Guinea.

When he got there, he went to work
in a hospital, and he was curious,

what kinds of things happen to people
that bring them to the hospital?

He looked through the records,

and he discovered that surprisingly
large number of people

in that hospital were there

because of injuries due to falling coconuts.

One typical thing that happens is

people will come from the highlands
where there are not many coconut trees,

to visit their relatives on the coast

where there are lots.

And they'll think that a coconut tree

is a fine place to stand and maybe lie down.

A coconut tree that is 90-feet-tall,

and has coconuts that weigh two pounds

that can drop off at any time.

A team of doctors in Europe

published a series of papers
about colonoscopies.

You're all families with colonoscopies,

one way or another.

Or in some cases,

one way and another.

They, in these papers,

explain to their fellow doctors
who perform colonoscopies,

how to minimize the chance

that when you perform a colonoscopy,

your patient will explode.

Dr. Emmanuel Bensoussan

one of the authors,

flew in from Paris to the ceremony,

where he explained the history of this,

that in the 1950s,

when colonoscopies were becoming
a common technique for the first time,

people were figuring out how to do it well.

And there were some difficulties at first.

The basic problem, I'm sure you're familiar with,

is you're looking inside a
long, narrow, dark place.

So, you want to have a larger space.

You add some gas to inflate it

so you have room to look around.

Now that's added to the
gas, the methane gas,

that's already inside.

The gas that they used at first
in many cases was oxygen.

So they added oxygen to methane gas

and then they wanted to be able to see,

they needed light,

so they'd put in a light source,

which in the 1950s was very hot.

So you had methane gas, which is flammable,

oxygen and heat.

They stopped using oxygen pretty quickly.

Now, it's rare that patients will explode,

but it does still happen.

The final thing that I want to
tell you about it is a prize

we gave to Dr. Elena Bodnar.

Dr. Elena Bodnar invented a braissiere

that in an emergency,

can be quickly separated

into a pair of protective face masks.

One to save your life,

one to save the life
of some lucky bystander.

"Why would someone do this?", you might wonder.

Dr. Bodnar came to the ceremony

and she explained that she
grew up in Ukraine,

she was one of the doctors who treated victims

of the Chernobyl power plant meltdown.

And they later discovered that

a lot of the worst medical problems

came from the particles people breathed in.

So she was always thinking after that

about could there be some simple mask

that was available everywhere
when the unexpected happens?

Years later, she moved to America,

she had a baby,

One day she looked, and on the floor,

her infant son had picked up her bra,

and had her bra on his face

and that's where the idea came from.

She came to the Ig Nobel ceremony

with the first prototype of the bra

and she demonstrated:

(Laughter and Applause)

I myself own an emergency bra.

It's my favorite bra,

but I would be happy to
share it with any of you,

should the need arise.

Thank you.

(Applause)