Greenprint 1: Biochar (for the roots)
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0:18 - 0:25With Grand Theft Auto 5, Rockstar has tried to reimagine the game in a number of ways:
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0:25 - 0:29The Gameworld is beautiful, massive and diverse.
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0:29 - 0:40
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0:40 - 0:44You gotta flip the script on what a gangsta is. If you ain’t gardening you ain’t gangsta.
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0:44 - 0:52Get gangsta with your shovel, k? And let that be your weapon of choice.
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0:52 - 0:57Y’know, the joy, the pride, and the honor in growing your own food.
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0:57 - 1:01Can I get a show of hands for everyone in the audience who has heard of biochar before?
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1:01 - 1:04Cool – give a little wave!
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1:04 - 1:11So, dissecting the word “biochar” – it’s just ‘biological’ plus ‘charcoal.’ Put ‘em together and you get biochar.
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1:11 - 1:18Biochar is charcoal that’s added to soil, and when you add biochar to soil, it sequesters carbon for on the order of a thousand years.
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1:18 - 1:22Most of you may not know that fungi were the first organisms to come to land.
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1:22 - 1:28They came to land 1.3 billion years ago, and plants followed, several hundred million years later. How is that possible?
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1:28 - 1:35It’s possible because the mycelium produces oxalic acids, and many other acids and enzymes,
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1:35 - 1:41pockmarking rock and grabbing calcium and other minerals and forming calcium oxylates,
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1:41 - 1:45which makes the rocks crumble, and is the first step in the generation of soil.
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1:45 - 1:51Generally what you see in green is not desertifying and what you see in brown is.
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1:51 - 1:55These are by far, the greatest areas of the earth.
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1:55 - 2:00About 2/3rds, I would guess, of the world is desertifying.
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2:00 - 2:04But I have for you a very simple message,
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2:04 - 2:08that offers more hope than you can imagine.
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2:08 - 2:15Just like 26.5 million other Americans, I live in a food desert –
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2:15 - 2:18South Central Los Angeles.
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2:18 - 2:21Home of the drive-thru, and the drive-by.
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2:21 - 2:25Funny thing is, the drive-thrus are killing more people than the drive-bys!
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2:25 - 2:29People are dying from curable diseases in South Central L.A.
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2:29 - 2:34The obesity rate in my neighborhood is like 5 times higher than what it is in, say,
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2:34 - 2:38Beverly Hills, which is like, probably, 8-10 miles away.
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2:38 - 2:43How would you feel, if you had no access to healthy food?
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2:43 - 2:45If every time you walk out your door,
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2:45 - 2:49you see the ill effects of poor food on your neighborhood?
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2:49 - 2:54So I figured that the problem is the solution.
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2:54 - 2:58
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2:58 - 3:04So what I did, I planted a food forest in front of my house.
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3:04 - 3:05It was on a strip of land that we call a parkway,
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3:05 - 3:08it’s like 150 feet by 10 feet.
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3:08 - 3:12Thing is, its owned by the city, but you have to maintain it.
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3:12 - 3:17So I’m like, “Cool! I can do whatever the hell I want!”
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3:17 - 3:21So me and my group, LA Green Grounds, we got together,
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3:21 - 3:24and we started planting my food forest, fruit trees, you know, the whole nine.
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3:24 - 3:28And the garden – it was beautiful.
And then somebody complained. -
3:28 - 3:32The city came down on me. Ha!
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3:32 - 3:38And basically gave me a citation saying
I had to remove my garden. Come on, really? -
3:38 - 3:43A warrant for planting food on a piece of land that you could care less about?
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3:43 - 3:48And I was like, “Cool, bring it!”
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3:48 - 3:54So the LA Times got hold of it, and one of the Green Grounds members, they put up a petition on Change.org
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3:54 - 3:59and with 900 signatures we were a success.
We had a victory on our hands. -
3:59 - 4:04LA leads the United States in vacant lots that the City actually owns.
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4:04 - 4:12They own 26 square miles of vacant lots. That’s 20 Central Parks.
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4:12 - 4:21That’s enough space to plant 725 million tomato plants! Why in the hell would they not okay this?
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4:21 - 4:27Biochar offers one piece of the puzzle.
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4:27 - 4:31It has its roots in ancient Amazonian agricultural practices,
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4:31 - 4:39where a brilliant group of entrepreneurs, about 7000 years ago, would bury charcoal in the soil for generations –
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4:39 - 4:45rendering it so fertile to this day that people actually dig it up and sell it.
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4:45 - 4:48They call these soils Terra Preta, which means ‘dark earth.’
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4:48 - 4:52Amazonian soils are notoriously infertile,
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4:52 - 4:54there’s so much life drawing off of them,
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4:54 - 4:57that most of the nutrients that are in them are in the plants, not in the soil.
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4:57 - 5:00So, it makes agriculture down there difficult.
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5:00 - 5:03But the ancient Amazonians found the secret to rich soils.
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5:03 - 5:09And they’re actually calling this The Secret of El Dorado.
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5:09 - 5:12Back in the 1500s, when Spanish explorers went down into the Amazon,
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5:12 - 5:16they came back explaining they’d found these 100,000-person towns
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5:16 - 5:21with beautiful, agriculturally-engineered landscapes and large causeways between them.
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5:21 - 5:27Explorers went back around forty years later and they found diddly squat;
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5:27 - 5:30the natives had been wiped out by smallpox.
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5:30 - 5:33But even modern anthropologists dismissed it as myth,
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5:33 - 5:36because the Amazonian soils are so notoriously infertile
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5:36 - 5:40that there’s no way they could have sustained that level of population.
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5:40 - 5:43So they thought the explorers had just been lying to impress people.
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5:43 - 5:46It wasn’t until the early 2000s that people started making the connection
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5:46 - 5:50between all the places where the explorers had described finding civilizations,
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5:50 - 5:53and all the places where this charcoal had been buried.
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5:53 - 5:56So, the practice of adding charcoal to the soils was able
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5:56 - 6:00to make the environment able to sustain larger populations
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6:00 - 6:03than ever thought possible.
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6:03 - 6:06And this ancient wisdom is coming back to life, via biochar.
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6:06 - 6:10Biochar builds soil structure.
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6:10 - 6:13This is a picture of biochar under a microscope.
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6:13 - 6:16You can see it is very porous.
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6:16 - 6:20One gram of biochar can have a surface area of up to 400 meters squared.
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6:20 - 6:24It’s basically the same as taking something the size of a basketball court
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6:24 - 6:27and folding it up into something the size of a sugar cube.
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6:27 - 6:31This creates a home, it’s basically like a coral reef for soil;
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6:31 - 6:34it creates a home for microorganisms and microrhizal fungi
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6:34 - 6:37to come in and make their home in these little biochar apartments
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6:37 - 6:42and they’ll stay there and build this structure for on the order of a thousand years.
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6:42 - 6:45In addition, biochar also absorbs water, like a sponge.
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6:45 - 6:48And it holds onto nutrients like a magnet,
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6:48 - 6:51preventing them from leaching off into the ground water.
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6:51 - 6:57All of this can lead to crop yield increases of 15 to 200%, depending on the original soil quality.
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6:57 - 6:59Now I care a lot about pyrolysis.
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6:59 - 7:03Pyrolysis is basically biomass plus heat minus oxygen,
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7:03 - 7:06and you’re left with a very stable form of carbon that’s excellent for soils.
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7:06 - 7:10Pyrolysis is how biochar comes into being,
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7:10 - 7:12and biochar is what I have, for the time being, dedicated my life to.
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7:12 - 7:17Biochar basically takes the fossil carbon emission cycle,
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7:17 - 7:22which takes carbon out of the ground and into the air,
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7:22 - 7:25and flips it around, and takes carbon out of the air –
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7:25 - 7:26through the help of our plant friends –
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7:26 - 7:28and puts it back into the ground.
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7:28 - 7:32We have to put the carbon back, like good little kids with our toys,
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7:32 - 7:36and biochar is the way to do it.
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7:36 - 7:40And, studies show that if this were globally deployed,
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7:40 - 7:44it could actually offset 12% of human greenhouse gas emissions annually.
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7:44 - 7:50We have a long way to go from here to there, but – the potential is huge.
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7:50 - 7:53I love a challenge and saving the earth is probably a good one.
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7:53 - 7:56I’ve often wondered, if there was a United Organization Of Organisms,
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7:56 - 7:59otherwise known as “UH OO” (uh oh),
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7:59 - 8:02and every organism had a right to vote,
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8:02 - 8:05would we be voted on the planet or off the planet?
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8:05 - 8:10I want to present to you some micrological solutions based on mycelium.
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8:10 - 8:13The mycelium infuses all landscapes, it holds soils together,
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8:13 - 8:17it’s extremely tenacious, it holds up to 30,000 times its mass.
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8:17 - 8:21They’re the grand, molecular dis-assemblers of nature: the soil magicians.
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8:21 - 8:25They generate the humus soils across the landmasses of Earth.
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8:25 - 8:31There is a multidirectional transfer of nutrients between plants mitigated by the mitigated by the mycelium,
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8:31 - 8:35so the mycelium is the mother that is giving nutrients from Alder and Birch trees
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8:35 - 8:37to Hemlocks, Cedars, and Douglas Firs.
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8:37 - 8:43Mushrooms are very fast in their growth, Day 21, Day 23, Day 25.
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8:43 - 8:46Mushrooms produce strong antibiotics,
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8:46 - 8:49in fact, we’re more closely related to fungi than we are to any other kingdom.
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8:49 - 8:52We exhale carbon dioxide, so does mycelium, it inhales oxygen, just like we do.
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8:52 - 8:56But here is a mushroom that is past its prime. After they sporelate they do rot.
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8:56 - 9:01The sequence of microbes that occur on rotting mushrooms
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9:01 - 9:03are essential for the health of the forest
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9:03 - 9:05that gives rise to the trees that create the debris fields
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9:05 - 9:07that feed the mycelium.
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9:07 - 9:11In a single cubic inch of soil, there can be more than eight miles of these cells.
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9:11 - 9:15Fungi and mycelium sequester carbon dioxide.
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9:15 - 9:17This is photomicrographs:
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9:17 - 9:20notice that as the mycelium grows
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9:20 - 9:23it conquers territory and then it begins to net…
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9:23 - 9:26microfiltration membranes.
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9:26 - 9:31Microcavities form, and as they form the absorb water: these are little wells.
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9:31 - 9:34And inside these wells, microbial communities begin to form.
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9:34 - 9:38And so this spongy soil not only resists erosion
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9:38 - 9:45but sets up a microbial universe that gives rise to a plurality of other organisms.
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9:45 - 9:48And I think that we need to be ecologically intelligent
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9:48 - 9:51so we build the carbon banks on the planet.
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9:51 - 9:53Renew the soils.
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9:53 - 9:56These are a species that we need to join with.
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9:56 - 10:01I think that engaging mycelium can help save the world.
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10:01 - 10:03Fossil fuels – carbon, coal and gas –
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10:03 - 10:07are, by no means, the only thing is causing climate change.
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10:07 - 10:15Desertification is a fancy word for land that is turning to desert,
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10:15 - 10:20which has destroyed many civilizations and now threatens us globally.
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10:20 - 10:24This happens only when we create too much bare ground.
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10:24 - 10:27There’s no other cause.
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10:27 - 10:33We have environments where humidity is guaranteed throughout the year.
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10:33 - 10:39In those it is almost impossible to create vast areas of bare ground, no matter what you do.
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10:39 - 10:41And we have environments
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10:41 - 10:44where we have months of humidity
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10:44 - 10:46followed by months of dryness.
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10:46 - 10:49That is where desertification is occurring.
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10:49 - 10:54Now, we know that desertification is caused by livestock –
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10:54 - 10:57overgrazing the plants, leaving the soil bare.
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10:57 - 11:00Almost everybody knows this.
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11:00 - 11:04We were once just as certain that the world was flat.
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11:04 - 11:09We were wrong then and we are wrong again.
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11:09 - 11:15These seasonal humidity environments of the world, the soil and the vegetation –
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11:15 - 11:21developed with very large numbers of grazing animals.
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11:21 - 11:25With ferocious pack-hunting predators.
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11:25 - 11:30Now, the main defense against pack-hunting predators is to get into herds,
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11:30 - 11:35and the larger the herd, the safer the individuals.
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11:35 - 11:40Now, large herds dung and urinate all over their own food –
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11:40 - 11:44and they have to keep moving.
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11:44 - 11:48And it was that movement that prevented the overgrazing of plants.
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11:48 - 11:52This picture is a typical seasonal grassland.
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11:52 - 11:55It has just come through four months of rain,
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11:55 - 11:59and its now going into eight months of dry season.
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11:59 - 12:06All of that grass needs to decay, biologically,
before the next growing season. -
12:06 - 12:10And if it doesn’t, the grassland and the soil begin to die,
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12:10 - 12:14leading to bare soil releasing carbon.
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12:14 - 12:17To prevent that, we have traditionally used fire.
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12:17 - 12:22But fire also leaves the soil bare, releasing carbon.
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12:22 - 12:26Now, looking at this grassland of ours that has gone dry,
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12:26 - 12:29what can we do to keep that healthy?
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12:29 - 12:33We cannot reduce animal numbers to rest it more,
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12:33 - 12:37without causing desertification and climate change.
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12:37 - 12:39We cannot burn it
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12:39 - 12:42without causing desertification and climate change.
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12:42 - 12:44What are we going to do?
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12:44 - 12:46There is only one option.
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12:46 - 12:47I repeat to you:
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12:47 - 12:49only one option left
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12:49 - 12:52to climatologists and scientists.
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12:52 - 12:54And that is to do the unthinkable,
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12:54 - 12:58and to use livestock –
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12:58 - 13:00bunched and moving –
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13:00 - 13:03as a proxy for former herds and predators
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13:03 - 13:05and mimic nature.
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13:05 - 13:07So on this bit of grassland we’ll do it,
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13:07 - 13:09but just in the foreground.
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13:09 - 13:11We’ll impact it very heavily with cattle to mimic nature,
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13:11 - 13:15and we’ve done so, and look at that.
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13:15 - 13:18All of that grass is now covering the soil;
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13:18 - 13:22has dung, urine and litter or mulch,
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13:22 - 13:26and that soil is ready to hold, absorb and hold the rain
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13:26 - 13:28to store carbon
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13:28 - 13:33and we did that without using fire to damage the soil
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13:33 - 13:35and the plants are free to grow.
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13:35 - 13:37Let’s look at some results.
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13:37 - 13:40This is land close to land that we manage in Zimbabwe.
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13:40 - 13:45They’re river is dry, despite the rain just having ended,
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13:45 - 13:48And we have 150,000 people
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13:48 - 13:51on almost permanent food aid.
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13:51 - 13:55Now let’s go to our land, nearby, on the same day,
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13:55 - 13:58with the same rainfall and look at that.
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13:58 - 14:02Everything is now more productive,
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14:02 - 14:04and we have virtually no fear of dry years.
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14:04 - 14:10Let’s look at some more results.
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14:10 - 14:16And we did that by holistic management and planned grazing.
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14:16 - 14:20And that does address all of nature’s complexity,
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14:20 - 14:24and our social,environmental and economic complexity.
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14:24 - 14:28Climate change is an interconnectivity issue.
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14:28 - 14:31It is our planetary system sounding a loud alarm
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14:31 - 14:34to wake up and smell the interconnectivity coffee.
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14:34 - 14:37
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14:37 - 14:40The practice of adding charcoal to the soils
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14:40 - 14:44was able to make the environment able to sustain
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14:44 - 14:46larger populations than ever thought possible.
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14:46 - 14:51We need to be ecologically intelligent so we build the carbon banks on the planet.
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14:51 - 14:55... engaging mycelium can help save the world.
- Title:
- Greenprint 1: Biochar (for the roots)
- Description:
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Greenprinting is a whole system design process for restoring planetary equilibrium within the limits of physical reality. This introduction weaves together documentary excerpts from scientists and activists' food and ecosystem-based solutions to demonstrate that diverse and complementary strategies are available to counter climate disruption.
- Video Language:
- English
Jamiep edited English subtitles for Greenprint 1: Biochar (for the roots) | ||
Jamiep edited English subtitles for Greenprint 1: Biochar (for the roots) | ||
Jamiep edited English subtitles for Greenprint 1: Biochar (for the roots) |