The future of early cancer detection?
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0:01 - 0:02Almost a year ago,
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0:02 - 0:05my aunt started suffering back pains.
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0:05 - 0:06She went to see the doctor
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0:06 - 0:09and they told her it was a normal injury
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0:09 - 0:10for someone who had been playing tennis
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0:10 - 0:12for almost 30 years.
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0:12 - 0:14They recommended that she do some therapy,
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0:14 - 0:17but after a while she wasn't feeling better,
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0:17 - 0:21so the doctors decided to do further tests.
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0:21 - 0:22They did an x-ray
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0:22 - 0:24and discovered an injury in her lungs,
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0:24 - 0:25and at the time they thought that the injury
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0:25 - 0:27was a strain in the muscles and tendons
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0:27 - 0:28between her ribs,
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0:28 - 0:30but after a few weeks of treatment,
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0:30 - 0:34again her health wasn't getting any better.
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0:34 - 0:37So finally, they decided to do a biopsy,
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0:37 - 0:39and two weeks later,
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0:39 - 0:41the results of the biopsy came back.
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0:41 - 0:46It was stage 3 lung cancer.
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0:46 - 0:49Her lifestyle was almost free of risk.
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0:49 - 0:51She never smoked a cigarette,
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0:51 - 0:53she never drank alcohol,
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0:53 - 0:54and she had been playing sports
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0:54 - 0:56for almost half her life.
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0:56 - 0:59Perhaps, that is why it took them almost six months
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0:59 - 1:02to get her properly diagnosed.
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1:02 - 1:04My story might be, unfortunately,
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1:04 - 1:07familiar to most of you.
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1:07 - 1:09One out of three people sitting in this audience
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1:09 - 1:12will be diagnosed with some type of cancer,
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1:12 - 1:13and one out of four
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1:13 - 1:17will die because of it.
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1:17 - 1:19Not only did that cancer diagnosis
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1:19 - 1:21change the life of our family,
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1:21 - 1:23but that process of going
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1:23 - 1:25back and forth with new tests,
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1:25 - 1:27different doctors describing symptoms,
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1:27 - 1:30discarding diseases over and over,
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1:30 - 1:33was stressful and frustrating,
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1:33 - 1:35especially for my aunt.
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1:35 - 1:37And that is the way cancer diagnosis has been done
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1:37 - 1:40since the beginning of history.
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1:40 - 1:43We have 21st-century medical treatments and drugs
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1:43 - 1:44to treat cancer,
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1:44 - 1:47but we still have 20th-century procedures
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1:47 - 1:51and processes for diagnosis, if any.
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1:51 - 1:53Today, most of us have to wait for symptoms
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1:53 - 1:56to indicate that something is wrong.
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1:56 - 1:58Today, the majority of people still don't have access
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1:58 - 2:01to early cancer detection methods,
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2:01 - 2:02even though we know
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2:02 - 2:04that catching cancer early
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2:04 - 2:06is basically the closest thing we have
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2:06 - 2:09to a silver bullet cure against it.
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2:09 - 2:12We know that we can change this in our lifetime,
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2:12 - 2:13and that is why my team and I
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2:13 - 2:15have decided to begin this journey,
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2:15 - 2:18this journey to try to make cancer detection
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2:18 - 2:19at the early stages
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2:19 - 2:23and monitoring the appropriate
response at the molecular level -
2:23 - 2:27easier, cheaper, smarter
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2:27 - 2:30and more accessible than ever before.
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2:30 - 2:32The context, of course,
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2:32 - 2:33is that we're living at a time
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2:33 - 2:35where technology is disrupting our present
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2:35 - 2:36at exponential rates,
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2:36 - 2:39and the biological realm is no exception.
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2:39 - 2:42It is said today that biotech is advancing
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2:42 - 2:44at least six times faster than the growth rate
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2:44 - 2:46of the processing power of computers.
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2:46 - 2:48But progress in biotech
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2:48 - 2:49is not only being accelerated,
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2:49 - 2:51it is also being democratized.
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2:51 - 2:54Just as personal computers or the Internet
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2:54 - 2:57or smartphones leveled the playing field
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2:57 - 3:00for entrepreneurship, politics or education,
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3:00 - 3:03recent advances have leveled it
up for biotech progress as well, -
3:03 - 3:04and that is allowing
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3:04 - 3:07multidisciplinary teams like ours
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3:07 - 3:09to try to tackle and look at these problems
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3:09 - 3:12with new approaches.
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3:12 - 3:14We are a team of scientists and technologists
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3:14 - 3:17from Chile, Panama,
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3:17 - 3:21Mexico, Israel and Greece,
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3:21 - 3:23and based on recent scientific discoveries,
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3:23 - 3:25we believe that we have found
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3:25 - 3:27a reliable and accurate way
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3:27 - 3:29of detecting several types of cancer
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3:29 - 3:32at the very early stages through a blood sample.
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3:32 - 3:35We do it by detecting a set of very small molecules
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3:35 - 3:37that circulate freely in our blood
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3:37 - 3:40called microRNAs.
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3:40 - 3:42To explain what microRNAs are
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3:42 - 3:44and their important role in cancer,
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3:44 - 3:46I need to start with proteins,
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3:46 - 3:48because when cancer is present in our body,
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3:48 - 3:50protein modification is observed
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3:50 - 3:51in all cancerous cells.
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3:51 - 3:53As you might know,
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3:53 - 3:55proteins are large biological molecules
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3:55 - 3:57that perform different functions within our body,
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3:57 - 3:59like catalyzing metabolic reactions
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3:59 - 4:01or responding to stimuli
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4:01 - 4:03or replicating DNA,
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4:03 - 4:06but before a protein is expressed or produced,
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4:06 - 4:07relevant parts of its genetic code
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4:07 - 4:10present in the DNA
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4:10 - 4:13are copied into the messenger RNA,
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4:13 - 4:15so this messenger RNA
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4:15 - 4:19has instructions on how to build a specific protein,
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4:19 - 4:22and potentially it can build hundreds of proteins,
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4:22 - 4:24but the one that tells them when to build them
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4:24 - 4:27and how many to build
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4:27 - 4:29are microRNAs.
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4:29 - 4:31So microRNAs are small molecules
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4:31 - 4:33that regulate gene expression.
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4:33 - 4:35Unlike DNA, which is mainly fixed,
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4:35 - 4:37microRNAs can vary depending on internal
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4:37 - 4:40and environmental conditions at any given time,
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4:40 - 4:44telling us which genes are actively
expressed at that particular moment. -
4:44 - 4:45And that is what makes microRNAs
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4:45 - 4:47such a promising biomarker for cancer,
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4:47 - 4:49because as you know,
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4:49 - 4:53cancer is a disease of altered gene expression.
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4:53 - 4:57It is the uncontrolled regulation of genes.
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4:57 - 4:58Another important thing to consider
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4:58 - 5:01is that no two cancers are the same,
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5:01 - 5:04but at the microRNA level, there are patterns.
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5:04 - 5:06Several scientific studies have shown
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5:06 - 5:09that abnormal microRNA expression levels
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5:09 - 5:13varies and creates a unique, specific pattern
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5:13 - 5:14for each type of cancer,
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5:14 - 5:16even at the early stages,
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5:16 - 5:18reflecting the progression of the disease,
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5:18 - 5:20and whether it's responding to medication
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5:20 - 5:21or in remission,
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5:21 - 5:23making microRNAs a perfect,
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5:23 - 5:27highly sensitive biomarker.
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5:27 - 5:29However, the problem with microRNAs
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5:29 - 5:32is that we cannot use existing DNA-based technology
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5:32 - 5:35to detect them in a reliable way,
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5:35 - 5:37because they are very short sequences of nucleotides,
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5:37 - 5:40much smaller than DNA.
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5:40 - 5:43And also, all microRNAs are
very similar to each other, -
5:43 - 5:45with just tiny differences.
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5:45 - 5:47So imagine trying to differentiate two molecules,
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5:47 - 5:50extremely similar, extremely small.
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5:50 - 5:53We believe that we have found a way to do so,
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5:53 - 5:56and this is the first time that we've shown it in public.
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5:56 - 5:58Let me do a demonstration.
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5:58 - 6:01Imagine that next time you go to your doctor
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6:01 - 6:03and do your next standard blood test,
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6:03 - 6:05a lab technician extracts a total RNA,
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6:05 - 6:07which is quite simple today,
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6:07 - 6:10and puts it in a standard
96-well plate like this one. -
6:10 - 6:12Each well of these plates
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6:12 - 6:14has specific biochemistry that we assign,
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6:14 - 6:17that is looking for a specific microRNA,
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6:17 - 6:18acting like a trap that closes
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6:18 - 6:21only when the microRNA is present in the sample,
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6:21 - 6:24and when it does, it will shine with green color.
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6:24 - 6:25To run the reaction,
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6:25 - 6:28you put the plate inside a device like this one,
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6:28 - 6:32and then you can put your smartphone on top of it.
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6:32 - 6:35If we can have a camera here
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6:35 - 6:37so you can see my screen.
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6:37 - 6:40A smartphone is a connected computer
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6:40 - 6:41and it's also a camera,
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6:41 - 6:44good enough for our purpose.
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6:47 - 6:49The smartphone is taking pictures,
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6:49 - 6:51and when the reaction is over,
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6:51 - 6:52it will send the pictures
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6:52 - 6:54to our online database for processing
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6:54 - 6:56and interpretation.
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6:56 - 6:58This entire process lasts around 60 minutes,
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6:58 - 7:00but when the process is over,
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7:00 - 7:03wells that shine are matched
with the specific microRNAs -
7:03 - 7:06and analyzed in terms of how much and how fast
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7:06 - 7:07they shine.
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7:07 - 7:11And then, when this entire process is over,
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7:11 - 7:14this is what happens.
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7:14 - 7:17This chart is showing the specific microRNAs
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7:17 - 7:18present in this sample
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7:18 - 7:20and how they reacted over time.
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7:20 - 7:23Then, if we take this specific pattern of microRNA
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7:23 - 7:24of this person's samples
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7:24 - 7:27and compare it with existing scientific documentation
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7:27 - 7:29that correlates microRNA patterns
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7:29 - 7:35with a specific presence of a disease,
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7:35 - 7:38this is how pancreatic cancer looks like.
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7:38 - 7:41This inside is a real sample
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7:41 - 7:44where we just detected pancreatic cancer.
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7:44 - 7:48(Applause)
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7:52 - 7:54Another important aspect of this approach
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7:54 - 7:57is the gathering and mining of data in the cloud,
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7:57 - 7:58so we can get results in real time
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7:58 - 8:02and analyze them with our contextual information.
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8:02 - 8:03If we want to better understand
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8:03 - 8:05and decode diseases like cancer,
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8:05 - 8:07we need to stop treating them
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8:07 - 8:09as acute, isolated episodes,
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8:09 - 8:11and consider and measure everything
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8:11 - 8:15that affects our health on a permanent basis.
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8:15 - 8:20This entire platform is a working prototype.
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8:20 - 8:23It uses state-of-the-art molecular biology,
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8:23 - 8:26a low-cost, 3D-printed device,
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8:26 - 8:28and data science
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8:28 - 8:32to try to tackle one of humanity's
toughest challenges. -
8:32 - 8:34Since we believe early cancer detection
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8:34 - 8:35should really be democratized,
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8:35 - 8:38this entire solution costs at least 50 times less
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8:38 - 8:40than current available methods,
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8:40 - 8:42and we know that the community can help us
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8:42 - 8:43accelerate this even more,
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8:43 - 8:45so we're making the design of the device
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8:45 - 8:47open-source.
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8:47 - 8:51(Applause)
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8:56 - 8:58Let me say very clearly
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8:58 - 8:59that we are at the very early stages,
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8:59 - 9:01but so far, we have been able
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9:01 - 9:04to successfully identify the microRNA pattern
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9:04 - 9:07of pancreatic cancer, lung cancer,
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9:07 - 9:10breast cancer and hepatic cancer.
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9:10 - 9:13And currently, we're doing a clinical trial
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9:13 - 9:16in collaboration with the
German Cancer Research Center -
9:16 - 9:20with 200 women for breast cancer.
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9:20 - 9:23(Applause)
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9:23 - 9:26This is the single non-invasive,
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9:26 - 9:29accurate and affordable test
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9:29 - 9:31that has the potential to dramatically change
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9:31 - 9:33how cancer procedures and diagnostics
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9:33 - 9:35have been done.
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9:35 - 9:36Since we're looking for the microRNA patterns
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9:36 - 9:39in your blood at any given time,
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9:39 - 9:41you don't need to know
which cancer you're looking for. -
9:41 - 9:43You don't need to have any symptoms.
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9:43 - 9:46You only need one milliliter of blood
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9:46 - 9:49and a relatively simple array of tools.
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9:49 - 9:52Today, cancer detection happens mainly
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9:52 - 9:54when symptoms appear.
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9:54 - 9:57That is, at stage 3 or 4,
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9:57 - 9:59and I believe that is too late.
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9:59 - 10:01It is too expensive for our families.
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10:01 - 10:03It is too expensive for humanity.
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10:03 - 10:06We cannot lose the war against cancer.
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10:06 - 10:08It not only costs us billions of dollars,
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10:08 - 10:11but it also costs us the people we love.
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10:11 - 10:15Today, my aunt, she's fighting bravely
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10:15 - 10:18and going through this process
with a very positive attitude. -
10:18 - 10:20However, I want fights like this
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10:20 - 10:22to become very rare.
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10:22 - 10:23I want to see the day
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10:23 - 10:25when cancer is treated easily
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10:25 - 10:27because it can be routinely diagnosed
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10:27 - 10:29at the very early stages,
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10:29 - 10:30and I'm certain
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10:30 - 10:32that in the very near future,
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10:32 - 10:33because of this
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10:33 - 10:35and other breakthroughs that we are seeing
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10:35 - 10:37every day in the life sciences,
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10:37 - 10:38the way we see cancer
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10:38 - 10:40will radically change.
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10:40 - 10:43It will give us the chance of detecting it early,
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10:43 - 10:45understanding it better,
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10:45 - 10:47and finding a cure.
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10:47 - 10:48Thank you very much.
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10:48 - 10:57(Applause)
- Title:
- The future of early cancer detection?
- Speaker:
- Jorge Soto
- Description:
-
Along with a crew of technologists and scientists, Jorge Soto is developing a simple, noninvasive, open-source test that looks for early signs of multiple forms of cancer. Onstage at TEDGlobal 2014, he demonstrates a working prototype of the mobile platform for the first time.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 11:17
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
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Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
Madeleine Aronson accepted English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for The future of early cancer detection? |