A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the “disappeared"
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0:01 - 0:04Guatemala is recovering from
a 36-year armed conflict. -
0:04 - 0:07A conflict that was fought
during the Cold War. -
0:07 - 0:11It was really just
a small leftist insurgency -
0:11 - 0:14and a devastating response by the state.
-
0:14 - 0:17What we have as a result
is 200,000 civilian victims, -
0:17 - 0:20160,000 of those
killed in the communities: -
0:20 - 0:24small children, men, women,
the elderly even. -
0:24 - 0:28And then we have
about 40,000 others, the missing, -
0:28 - 0:30the ones we're still looking for today.
-
0:30 - 0:33We call them the Desaparecidos.
-
0:33 - 0:36Now, 83 percent of the victims
are Mayan victims, -
0:36 - 0:38victims that are the descendants
-
0:38 - 0:41of the original inhabitants of
Central America. -
0:41 - 0:44And only about 17 percent are of
European descent. -
0:44 - 0:46But the most important thing here is that
-
0:46 - 0:52the very people who are supposed to
defend us, the police, the military, -
0:52 - 0:55are the ones that committed
most of the crimes. -
0:56 - 0:59Now the families,
they want information. -
0:59 - 1:01They want to know what happened.
-
1:01 - 1:03They want the bodies of their loved ones.
-
1:03 - 1:06But most of all,
what they want is they want you, -
1:06 - 1:10they want everyone to know
that their loved ones did nothing wrong. -
1:12 - 1:17Now, my case was that my father
received death threats in 1980. -
1:17 - 1:19And we left.
-
1:19 - 1:20We left Guatemala and we came here.
-
1:20 - 1:22So I grew up in New York,
-
1:22 - 1:25I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact,
and I went to New Utrecht High School -
1:25 - 1:27and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
-
1:27 - 1:29The only thing was that
-
1:29 - 1:33I really didn't know what
was happening in Guatemala. -
1:33 - 1:35I didn't care for it; it was too painful.
-
1:35 - 1:40But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided
to do something about it. -
1:40 - 1:41So I went back.
-
1:41 - 1:44I went back to Guatemala,
to look for the bodies, -
1:44 - 1:49to understand what happened
and to look for part of myself as well. -
1:50 - 1:53The way we work is that
we give people information. -
1:53 - 1:56We talk to the family members
and we let them choose. -
1:56 - 2:00We let them decide to tell
us the stories, -
2:00 - 2:01to tell us what they saw,
-
2:01 - 2:04to tell us about their loved ones.
-
2:04 - 2:05And even more important,
-
2:05 - 2:09we let them choose to
give us a piece of themselves. -
2:09 - 2:11A piece, an essence, of who they are.
-
2:11 - 2:14And that DNA is what we're
going to compare -
2:14 - 2:16to the DNA that comes
from the skeletons. -
2:16 - 2:19While we're doing that, though,
we're looking for the bodies. -
2:19 - 2:21And these are skeletons by now,
-
2:21 - 2:24most of these crimes
happened 32 years ago. -
2:24 - 2:26When we find the grave,
-
2:26 - 2:30we take out the dirt and eventually clean
the body, document it, and exhume it. -
2:30 - 2:33We literally bring the
skeleton out of the ground. -
2:33 - 2:37Once we have those bodies, though,
we take them back to the city, to our lab, -
2:37 - 2:40and we begin a process of trying
to understand mainly two things: -
2:40 - 2:43One is how people died.
-
2:43 - 2:46So here you see a gunshot
wound to the back of the head -
2:46 - 2:48or a machete wound, for example.
-
2:48 - 2:52The other thing we want to understand
is who they are. -
2:52 - 2:55Whether it's a baby,
-
2:55 - 2:57or an adult.
-
2:57 - 2:59Whether it's a woman or a man.
-
2:59 - 3:01But when we're done
with that analysis -
3:01 - 3:03what we'll do is we'll take a small
fragment of the bone -
3:03 - 3:06and we'll extract DNA from it.
-
3:06 - 3:07We'll take that DNA
-
3:07 - 3:12and then we'll compare it with the
DNA of the families, of course. -
3:12 - 3:16The best way to explain this to you
is by showing you two cases. -
3:16 - 3:18The first is the case
of the military diary. -
3:18 - 3:23Now this is a document that was smuggled
out of somewhere in 1999. -
3:23 - 3:28And what you see there
is the state following individuals, -
3:28 - 3:32people that, like you,
wanted to change their country, -
3:32 - 3:34and they jotted everything down.
-
3:34 - 3:39And one of the things that they wrote
down is when they executed them. -
3:39 - 3:42Inside that yellow rectangle,
you see a code, -
3:42 - 3:44it's a secret code: 300.
-
3:44 - 3:46And then you see a date.
-
3:46 - 3:49The 300 means "executed" and the date
means when they were executed. -
3:49 - 3:53Now that's going to come
into play in a second. -
3:53 - 3:57What we did is we conducted
an exhumation in 2003, -
3:57 - 4:02where we exhumed 220 bodies
from 53 graves in a military base. -
4:03 - 4:07Grave 9, though, matched the family
of Sergio Saul Linares. -
4:07 - 4:09Now Sergio was a professor
at the university. -
4:09 - 4:12He graduted from Iowa State University
-
4:12 - 4:14and went back to Guatemala
to change his country. -
4:14 - 4:18And he was captured on
February 23, 1984. -
4:18 - 4:22And if you can see there, he was
executed on March 29, 1984, -
4:22 - 4:24which was incredible.
-
4:24 - 4:27We had the body, we had the family's
information and their DNA, -
4:27 - 4:30and now we have documents
that told us exactly what happened. -
4:30 - 4:33But most important is about
two weeks later, -
4:33 - 4:36we go another hit, another match
-
4:36 - 4:41from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.
-
4:41 - 4:43The DNA of that body
also matched the DNA of that family. -
4:43 - 4:47And then we noticed
that he was also in the diary. -
4:47 - 4:52But it was amazing to see that he was
also executed on March 29, 1984. -
4:52 - 4:56So that led us to think, hmm,
how many bodies were in the grave? -
4:56 - 4:57Six.
-
4:57 - 5:04So then we said, how many people
were executed on March 29, 1984? -
5:07 - 5:09That's right, six as well.
-
5:09 - 5:15So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo,
Moises and Zoilo. -
5:15 - 5:19All of them executed on the same date,
all captured at different locations -
5:19 - 5:20and at different moments.
-
5:20 - 5:21All put in that grave.
-
5:21 - 5:25The only thing we needed now
was the DNA of those four families -
5:25 - 5:28So we went and we looked for them
and we found them. -
5:28 - 5:32And we identified those six bodies
and gave them back to the families. -
5:32 - 5:35The other case I want to tell you about
-
5:35 - 5:39is that of a military base
called CREOMPAZ. -
5:39 - 5:43It actually means, "to believe in peace,"
but the acronym really means -
5:43 - 5:47Regional Command Center
for Peacekeeping Operations. -
5:47 - 5:51And this is where the Guatemalan military
trains peacekeepers from other countries, -
5:51 - 5:54the ones that serve with the U.N.
-
5:54 - 5:57and go to countries
like Haiti and the Congo. -
5:57 - 6:01Well, we have testimony that said that
within this military base, -
6:01 - 6:03there were bodies, there were graves.
-
6:03 - 6:07So we went in there with a search warrant
and about two hours after we went in, -
6:07 - 6:12we found the first of 84 graves,
a total of 533 bodies. -
6:12 - 6:15Now, if you think about that,
-
6:15 - 6:18peacekeepers being trained
on top of bodies. -
6:18 - 6:20It's very ironic.
-
6:22 - 6:27But the bodies -- face down, most of them,
hands tied behind their backs, -
6:27 - 6:29blindfolded, all types of trauma --
-
6:29 - 6:33these were people who were defenseless
who were being executed. -
6:33 - 6:37People that 533 families are looking for.
-
6:37 - 6:39So we're going to focus on Grave 15.
-
6:39 - 6:43Grave 15, what we noticed,
was a grave full of women and children, -
6:43 - 6:4563 of them.
-
6:45 - 6:48And that immediately made us think,
-
6:48 - 6:51my goodness, where is there
a case like this? -
6:51 - 6:53When I got to Guatemala in 1995,
-
6:53 - 6:58I heard of a case of a massacre
that happened on May 14, 1982, -
6:58 - 7:01where the army came in, killed the men,
-
7:01 - 7:05and took the women and children
in helicopters to an unknown location. -
7:06 - 7:07Well, guess what?
-
7:07 - 7:11The clothing from this grave matched the
clothing from the region -
7:11 - 7:13where these people were taken from,
-
7:13 - 7:15where these women and children
were taken from. -
7:15 - 7:18So we conducted some DNA analysis,
and guess what? -
7:19 - 7:21We identified Martina Rojas
and Manuel Chen. -
7:21 - 7:24Both of them disappeared in that case,
and now we could prove it. -
7:24 - 7:27We have physical evidence that
proves that this happened -
7:27 - 7:30and that those people
were taken to this base. -
7:30 - 7:33Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.
-
7:33 - 7:38His mother went to the river to wash
clothes, and she left him with a neighbor. -
7:38 - 7:40That's when the army came
-
7:40 - 7:43and that's when he was taken away in
a helicopter and never seen again -
7:43 - 7:45until we found him in Grave 15.
-
7:45 - 7:51So now with science, with archaeology,
with anthropology, with genetics, -
7:51 - 7:54what we're doing is, we're
giving a voice to the voiceless. -
7:54 - 7:56But we're doing more than that.
-
7:56 - 7:58We're actually providing
evidence for trials, -
7:58 - 8:01like the genocide trial that happened
last year in Guatemala -
8:01 - 8:06where General Ríos Montt was found guilty
of genocide and sentenced to 80 years. -
8:06 - 8:10So I came here to tell you today
that this is happening everywhere -- -
8:10 - 8:13it's happening in Mexico
right in front of us today -- -
8:13 - 8:14and we can't let it go on anymore.
-
8:14 - 8:17We have to now come together and decide
-
8:17 - 8:20that we're not going to have
any more missing. -
8:20 - 8:21So no more missing, guys.
-
8:21 - 8:23Okay? No more missing.
-
8:23 - 8:25Thank you.
-
8:25 - 8:28(Applause)
- Title:
- A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the “disappeared"
- Speaker:
- Fredy Peccerelli
- Description:
-
In Guatemala’s 36-year conflict, 200,000 civilians were killed — and more than 40,000 were never identified. Pioneering forensic anthropologist Fredy Peccerelli and his team use DNA, archeology and storytelling to help families find the bodies of their loved ones. It’s a sobering task, but it can bring peace of mind — and sometimes, justice.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 08:40
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast approved English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Morton Bast edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" | ||
Madeleine Aronson edited English subtitles for A forensic anthropologist who brings closure for the "disappeared" |