[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.92,0:00:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Guatemala is recovering from\Na 36-year armed conflict.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.08,0:00:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A conflict that was fought\Nduring the Cold War.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.62,0:00:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was really just \Na small leftist insurgency
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.67,0:00:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a devastating response by the state.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.84,0:00:16.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we have as a result\Nis 200,000 civilian victims,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.68,0:00:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,160,000 of those\Nkilled in the communities:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.33,0:00:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,small children, men, women, \Nthe elderly even.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.43,0:00:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have \Nabout 40,000 others, the missing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.86,0:00:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones we're still looking for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.18,0:00:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call them the Desaparecidos.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.74,0:00:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 83 percent of the victims \Nare Mayan victims,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.60,0:00:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,victims that are the descendants
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.01,0:00:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the original inhabitants of \NCentral America.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.74,0:00:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And only about 17 percent are of \NEuropean descent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.25,0:00:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the most important thing here is that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.31,0:00:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very people who are supposed to \Ndefend us, the police, the military,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.33,0:00:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the ones that committed\Nmost of the crimes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.04,0:00:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the families,\Nthey want information.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.34,0:01:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want to know what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.90,0:01:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They want the bodies of their loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.09,0:01:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most of all,\Nwhat they want is they want you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.34,0:01:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want everyone to know\Nthat their loved ones did nothing wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.52,0:01:16.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, my case was that my father\Nreceived death threats in 1980.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.20,0:01:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we left.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.58,0:01:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We left Guatemala and we came here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.34,0:01:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I grew up in New York,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.54,0:01:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up in Brooklyn as a matter of fact,\Nand I went to New Utrecht High School
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.32,0:01:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I graduated from Brooklyn College.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.14,0:01:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing was that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.71,0:01:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really didn't know what \Nwas happening in Guatemala.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.58,0:01:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't care for it; it was too painful.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.45,0:01:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't till 1995 that I decided\Nto do something about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.75,0:01:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I went back.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.91,0:01:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went back to Guatemala, \Nto look for the bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.49,0:01:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand what happened\Nand to look for part of myself as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.05,0:01:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way we work is that\Nwe give people information.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.41,0:01:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We talk to the family members\Nand we let them choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.38,0:01:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We let them decide to tell\Nus the stories,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.61,0:02:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us what they saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.47,0:02:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell us about their loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.59,0:02:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even more important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.88,0:02:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we let them choose to\Ngive us a piece of themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.88,0:02:11.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A piece, an essence, of who they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.35,0:02:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that DNA is what we're \Ngoing to compare
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.61,0:02:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the DNA that comes\Nfrom the skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.33,0:02:19.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While we're doing that, though,\Nwe're looking for the bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.39,0:02:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are skeletons by now,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.37,0:02:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of these crimes \Nhappened 32 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.28,0:02:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we find the grave,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.53,0:02:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we take out the dirt and eventually clean \Nthe body, document it, and exhume it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.66,0:02:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We literally bring the \Nskeleton out of the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.10,0:02:37.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once we have those bodies, though,\Nwe take them back to the city, to our lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.24,0:02:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we begin a process of trying\Nto understand mainly two things:\N
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.32,0:02:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One is how people died.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.61,0:02:45.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here you see a gunshot\Nwound to the back of the head
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.72,0:02:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a machete wound, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.37,0:02:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other thing we want to understand\Nis who they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.69,0:02:55.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's a baby,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.15,0:02:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an adult.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.81,0:02:58.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's a woman or a man.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.95,0:03:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when we're done\Nwith that analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.73,0:03:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we'll do is we'll take a small \Nfragment of the bone
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.46,0:03:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we'll extract DNA from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.27,0:03:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll take that DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.37,0:03:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we'll compare it with the\NDNA of the families, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.13,0:03:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The best way to explain this to you\Nis by showing you two cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.77,0:03:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is the case \Nof the military diary.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.32,0:03:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is a document that was smuggled\Nout of somewhere in 1999.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.99,0:03:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what you see there\Nis the state following individuals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.67,0:03:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people that, like you, \Nwanted to change their country,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.60,0:03:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they jotted everything down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.48,0:03:38.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the things that they wrote \Ndown is when they executed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.73,0:03:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside that yellow rectangle, \Nyou see a code,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.72,0:03:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a secret code: 300.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.03,0:03:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you see a date.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.52,0:03:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 300 means "executed" and the date \Nmeans when they were executed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.20,0:03:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that's going to come\Ninto play in a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.06,0:03:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we did is we conducted\Nan exhumation in 2003,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.69,0:04:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where we exhumed 220 bodies\Nfrom 53 graves in a military base.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.64,0:04:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grave 9, though, matched the family\Nof Sergio Saul Linares.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.64,0:04:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now Sergio was a professor\Nat the university.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.36,0:04:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He graduted from Iowa State University
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.75,0:04:14.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and went back to Guatemala\Nto change his country.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.13,0:04:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was captured on \NFebruary 23, 1984.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.00,0:04:22.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you can see there, he was \Nexecuted on March 29, 1984,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.09,0:04:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was incredible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.66,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had the body, we had the family's \Ninformation and their DNA,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.68,0:04:30.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now we have documents\Nthat told us exactly what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.03,0:04:33.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But most important is about\Ntwo weeks later,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.13,0:04:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we go another hit, another match
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.82,0:04:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the same grave to Amancio Villatoro.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.62,0:04:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DNA of that body\Nalso matched the DNA of that family.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.36,0:04:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we noticed\Nthat he was also in the diary.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.73,0:04:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was amazing to see that he was \Nalso executed on March 29, 1984.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.90,0:04:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that led us to think, hmm, \Nhow many bodies were in the grave?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.23,0:04:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Six.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.41,0:05:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So then we said, how many people\Nwere executed on March 29, 1984?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.72,0:05:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right, six as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.03,0:05:14.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we have Juan de Dios, Hugo,\NMoises and Zoilo.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.73,0:05:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of them executed on the same date, \Nall captured at different locations
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.57,0:05:20.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at different moments.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.33,0:05:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All put in that grave.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.49,0:05:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only thing we needed now\Nwas the DNA of those four families
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.64,0:05:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went and we looked for them\Nand we found them.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.88,0:05:31.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we identified those six bodies\Nand gave them back to the families.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.34,0:05:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other case I want to tell you about
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.78,0:05:38.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that of a military base \Ncalled CREOMPAZ.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.87,0:05:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It actually means, "to believe in peace,"\Nbut the acronym really means
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.48,0:05:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regional Command Center\Nfor Peacekeeping Operations.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.50,0:05:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where the Guatemalan military\Ntrains peacekeepers from other countries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.49,0:05:54.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ones that serve with the U.N.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.33,0:05:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and go to countries\Nlike Haiti and the Congo.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.10,0:06:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we have testimony that said that\Nwithin this military base,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.61,0:06:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were bodies, there were graves.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.71,0:06:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we went in there with a search warrant\Nand about two hours after we went in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.57,0:06:12.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found the first of 84 graves, \Na total of 533 bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.19,0:06:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if you think about that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.83,0:06:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peacekeepers being trained\Non top of bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.17,0:06:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very ironic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.54,0:06:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the bodies -- face down, most of them,\Nhands tied behind their backs,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.80,0:06:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blindfolded, all types of trauma --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.43,0:06:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these were people who were defenseless\Nwho were being executed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.50,0:06:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People that 533 families are looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.53,0:06:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we're going to focus on Grave 15.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.14,0:06:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Grave 15, what we noticed,\Nwas a grave full of women and children,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.84,0:06:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,63 of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.04,0:06:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that immediately made us think,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.27,0:06:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my goodness, where is there\Na case like this?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.54,0:06:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I got to Guatemala in 1995,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.24,0:06:57.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I heard of a case of a massacre\Nthat happened on May 14, 1982,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.89,0:07:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the army came in, killed the men,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.02,0:07:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and took the women and children \Nin helicopters to an unknown location.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.03,0:07:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, guess what?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.97,0:07:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The clothing from this grave matched the \Nclothing from the region
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.16,0:07:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these people were taken from,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.89,0:07:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where these women and children \Nwere taken from.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.27,0:07:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we conducted some DNA analysis,\Nand guess what?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.77,0:07:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We identified Martina Rojas \Nand Manuel Chen.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.03,0:07:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both of them disappeared in that case,\Nand now we could prove it.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.11,0:07:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have physical evidence that\Nproves that this happened
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.12,0:07:29.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that those people \Nwere taken to this base.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.86,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Manuel Chen was three years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.12,0:07:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His mother went to the river to wash \Nclothes, and she left him with a neighbor.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.98,0:07:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's when the army came
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.69,0:07:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's when he was taken away in \Na helicopter and never seen again
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.03,0:07:45.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we found him in Grave 15.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.01,0:07:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now with science, with archaeology, \Nwith anthropology, with genetics,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.73,0:07:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we're doing is, we're\Ngiving a voice to the voiceless.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.96,0:07:55.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we're doing more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.64,0:07:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're actually providing \Nevidence for trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.81,0:08:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the genocide trial that happened \Nlast year in Guatemala
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.33,0:08:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where General Ríos Montt was found guilty\Nof genocide and sentenced to 80 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.14,0:08:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I came here to tell you today\Nthat this is happening everywhere --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.79,0:08:12.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's happening in Mexico\Nright in front of us today --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.51,0:08:14.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can't let it go on anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.45,0:08:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to now come together and decide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.35,0:08:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're not going to have \Nany more missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.57,0:08:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So no more missing, guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.76,0:08:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay? No more missing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.48,0:08:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.72,0:08:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)