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Oliver was an extremely dashing,
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handsome, charming, and largely unstable male
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that I completely lost my heart to.
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(Laughter)
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He was a Burmese Mountain Dog,
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and my ex-husband and I adopted him,
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and about six months in,
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we realized that he was a mess.
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He had such paralyzing separation anxiety
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that we couldn't leave him alone.
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Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
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He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
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He hunted flies that didn't exist.
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He suffered from hallucinations.
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He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder
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and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
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But like with humans,
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sometimes it's six months in
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before you realize that
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the person that you love has some issues.
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(Laughter)
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And most of us do not take the person we're dating
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back to the bar where we met them
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or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
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or sign them back up on Match.com.
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(Laughter)
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We love them anyway,
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and we stick to it,
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and that is what I did with my dog.
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And I was a — I'd studied biology.
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I have a Ph.D in the history of science
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from MIT,
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and had you asked me 10 years ago
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if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,
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had emotions, I would have said yes,
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but I'm not sure I would have told you
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that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder
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and a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
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But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,
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and actually trying to help my own dog
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overcome his panic and his anxiety,
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it just changed my life.
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It cracked open my world,
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and I spent the last seven years, actually,
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looking into this topic of
mental illness in other animals.
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Can they be mentally ill like people,
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and if so, what does it mean about us?
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And what I discovered is that I do believe
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they can suffer from mental illness,
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and actually looking and trying
to identify mental illness in them
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often helps us be better friends to them
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and also can help us better understand ourselves.
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So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
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Many of us think that we can't know
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what another animal is thinking,
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and that is true,
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but any of you in relationships
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— at least this is my case —
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just because you ask someone that you with
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or your parent or your child how they feel
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doesn't mean that they can tell you.
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They may not have words to explain
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what it is that they're feeling,
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and they may not know.
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It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon
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that we feel that we have to talk to someone
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to understand their emotional distress.
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Before the early 20th century,
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physicians often diagnosed emotional distress
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in their patients just by observation.
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It also turns out that thinking about
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mental illness in other animals
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isn't actually that much of a stress.
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Most mental disorders in the United States
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are fear and anxiety disorders,
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and when you think about it, fear and anxiety
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are actually really extremely
helpful animal emotions.
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Usually we feel fear and anxiety
in situations that are dangerous,
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and once we feel them,
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we then are motivated to move away
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from whatever is dangerous.
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The problem is when we begin to feel fear
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
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Mood disorders, too, may actually just be
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the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,
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and obsessive compulsive disorders also
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are often manifestations of
a really healthy animal thing
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which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
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This tips into the territory of mental illness
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when you do things like
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compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,
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or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
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that you can't sit down to a bowl of food
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unless you engage in that ritual.
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So for humans, we have "The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual"
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which is basically an atlas
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of the currently agreed upon mental disorders.
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In other animals, we have YouTube.
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(Laughter)
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This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
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but I encourage all of you
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to look at "OCD cat."
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You will be shocked by what you see.
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I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
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This is an example of shadow-chasing.
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I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
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The issue, though, is that dogs
can develop compulsions like this
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that they then engage in all day.
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So they won't go for a walk,
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they won't hang out with their friends,
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they won't eat.
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They'll develop fixations
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like chasing their tails compulsively.
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Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
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He looks like he's on a stakeout
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— (Laughter) —
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but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
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He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw
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at the screen.
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This is another example of what's considered
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a stereotypic behavior.
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This is a sun bear at the
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
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And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,
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you might think that Ting Ting
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is just playing with a stick,
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but Ting Ting does this all day,
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and if you pay close attention
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and if I showed you guys
the full half-hour of this clip,
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you'd see that he does the exact same thing
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in the exact same order, and he spins the stick
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in the exact same way every time.
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Other super-common behaviors that you may see,
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particularly in captive animals,
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are pacing stereotypes or swaying stereotypes,
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and actually, humans do this too,
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and in us, you know, we'll sway,
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we'll move from side to side.
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Many of us do this, and sometimes, you know,
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it's an effort to soothe ourselves,
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and I think in other animals
that is often the case too.
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But it's not just stereotypic behaviors
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that other animals engage in.
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This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives
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at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
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She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,
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and she's been treated for a mood disorder
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among other things.
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Many animals develop mood disorders.
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Lots of creatures
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— this horse is just one example —
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develop self-destructive behaviors.
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They'll gnaw on things
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or do other things that may also soothe them,
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even if they're self-destructive,
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which could be considered similar
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to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
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Plucking.
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Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,
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you can pluck yourself compulsively,
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and some parrots actually have been studied
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to better understand [triplotomania?],
or compulsive plucking in humans,
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something that affects
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20 million Americans right now.
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Lab rats pluck themselves too.
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In them, it's called barbering.
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Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan
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are coming back with what's
considered canine PTSD,
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and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
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when they come back from deployments.
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They can be too scared to
approach men with beards
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or to hop into cars.
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I want to be careful and be clear though.
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I do not think that canine PTSD
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is the same as human PTSD.
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But I also do not think that my PTSD
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is like your PTSD,
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or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
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We are all different.
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We also all have very different susceptibilities.
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So two dogs, raised in the same household,
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exposed to the very same things,
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one may develop, say, a
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
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or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,
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and another one is going to be just fine.
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So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:
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is this just an instance of humans
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driving other animals crazy?
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Or, is animal mental illness just
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
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And it turns out we're actually
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so much more complicated than that.
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So one great thing that has happened to me
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is recently I published a book on this,
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and every day now that I open my email
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or when I go to a reading
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or even when I go to a cocktail party,
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people tell me their stories
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of the animals that they have met.
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And recently, I did a reading in California,
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and a woman raised her hand
after the talk and she said,
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"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
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And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
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So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,
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and she used to live with an elderly man,
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and one day the man was vacuuming
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and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
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A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment
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alongside the body of her owner,
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and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
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For many months, up to I think
two years after that incident,
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she was so scared she couldn't be in
the house when anyone was cleaning.
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She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
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She would hide in the closet.
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She was un-self-confident, and shaky,
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but with the loving support of her family,
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a lot of a time, and their patience,
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now, three years later,
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she's actually a happy, confident cat.
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Another story of trauma and
recovery that I came across
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was actually a few years ago.
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I was in Thailand to do some research.