5.1 Introduction (6:14)
-
0:07 - 0:12Hi, and welcome to the fifth module
of our course on the Miracles of -
0:12 - 0:16Human Language,
a module of language in the brain. -
0:16 - 0:19And this module has been made
possible partly by crowd funding. -
0:19 - 0:25Many you have contributed to make another
module, and many thanks to all of you. -
0:25 - 0:30A module about language and the brain,
that's what we're going to talk about now. -
0:31 - 0:32For instance, in this video,
-
0:32 - 0:36this introductory video where I'm going
to give you some background info, and -
0:36 - 0:39I'm going to explain to you more
about what we do in the other videos. -
0:40 - 0:41Back in the first module,
-
0:41 - 0:44we established that language is
normally found in all human beings. -
0:46 - 0:49And then, we have looked at language
from many different sides and -
0:49 - 0:53given many different examples of,
let's say, the software of language. -
0:53 - 0:56And now we're going to look
at the hardware of language, -
0:56 - 0:59the hardware which is mostly in our brain.
-
1:00 - 1:04So the questions which we're going to
ask is what happens in our heads so -
1:04 - 1:07that we can make and
that we can understand language. -
1:09 - 1:12Which are the parts of
brain which enable this? -
1:12 - 1:14And how do these parts work together?
-
1:16 - 1:17What happens if something goes wrong?
-
1:18 - 1:20And, how does reading work?
-
1:24 - 1:27We can learn a lot about
language by studying the brain. -
1:27 - 1:31The brain is definitely the most
important organ, maybe for -
1:31 - 1:35us humans in general, but
especially also for language. -
1:35 - 1:40And there's two schools of sort about
the relation between the brain and -
1:40 - 1:41language and
the way in which they developed. -
1:42 - 1:46You can either think that language,
the way languages work, -
1:46 - 1:49has been influenced by the brain.
-
1:49 - 1:51The brain has made the language.
-
1:53 - 1:58So languages are the way they are because
our brains happen to be the way they are. -
1:58 - 2:01But you can also think that
the relation is the other way around, -
2:01 - 2:04that our brains have
adopted over the course of -
2:04 - 2:09tens of thousands of years to
the fact that we are using language. -
2:09 - 2:10And maybe both of them are right?
-
2:13 - 2:14Now how do we study this?
-
2:14 - 2:15How are we going to find out?
-
2:16 - 2:18The problem with the brain
is that you cannot just -
2:18 - 2:22ask your informants how
does your brain work. -
2:22 - 2:27You can also not feel it for yourself how
does my brain work, I don't feel anything. -
2:27 - 2:28So we have to find another way.
-
2:29 - 2:30Now remember Labov.
-
2:30 - 2:34Labov said you can study language
in many different places. -
2:34 - 2:36You can study it in the library.
-
2:36 - 2:37You can study it in the closet.
-
2:37 - 2:38You can study it on the street.
-
2:39 - 2:42But you can also study it in the lab.
-
2:42 - 2:47And that's what we're going to do now,
we're going to go to the lab -
2:47 - 2:53to study images of the brain like
so-called MRI pictures such as this one, -
2:53 - 3:00which give us insight into the workings
of the brain while we are using language, -
3:00 - 3:03and we're going to see
more of machines later. -
3:07 - 3:10There are two subdisciplines of
linguistics studying language in -
3:10 - 3:12the brain.
-
3:12 - 3:15They are called psycholinguistics and
neurolinguistics. -
3:17 - 3:19Psycholinguistics looks at
-
3:20 - 3:24language in the brain from the outside
by studying the behavior of people. -
3:25 - 3:29And neurolinguistics looks at language
in the brain from the inside, -
3:29 - 3:31by looking at the brain itself.
-
3:33 - 3:36Psycholinguistics is the older of the two.
-
3:37 - 3:42It started in the 19th century with
psychologists doing small experiments, -
3:42 - 3:46like asking people to say a difficult
sentence and then trying to observe what -
3:46 - 3:52they actually said, or
by studying diaries of mothers -
3:52 - 3:57who were registering the language
development of their children, or -
3:57 - 4:01diaries of doctors who had patients with
some kind of brain problem which seem to -
4:01 - 4:05cause problems with using language or
understanding language. -
4:06 - 4:11And those are still the kinds of topics
which psycholinguistics studies today, -
4:12 - 4:17language development, language
comprehension and language production. -
4:19 - 4:23To some extent, those same topics
are studied by neurolinguistics, -
4:23 - 4:27but now from the inside,
by looking into the brain, by asking -
4:27 - 4:32people to listen to a word and then make
a brain scan while they're doing so. -
4:32 - 4:37And in this way, neurolinguists try to
find out where language is in the brain -
4:37 - 4:42and which parts of the brain are used for
producing and understanding language. -
4:44 - 4:48Slowly, these two disciplines
are merging together. -
4:48 - 4:52They used to be separate, basically,
because if you would put people into -
4:52 - 4:57a brain scanner, it was very difficult
to ask them to do complicated things. -
4:57 - 4:59But these brain scanners become lighter.
-
4:59 - 5:03And we can now ask people to do
tasks in the brain scanner, and -
5:03 - 5:08then we get something which is really
between phyco and neuro linguistics. -
5:11 - 5:13Here's a warning.
-
5:13 - 5:14In this module,
-
5:14 - 5:20there's going to be less variation in
languages than in our other modules. -
5:21 - 5:24And the reasons for this are,
yet again, the machines. -
5:24 - 5:28The machines are big, are expensive, and
-
5:28 - 5:32therefore, we typically find
them in Western countries. -
5:33 - 5:34They become smaller.
-
5:34 - 5:36They become less expensive.
-
5:36 - 5:39And other countries are now
also investing in them so -
5:39 - 5:45we will get more information, hopefully,
about how other languages work. -
5:45 - 5:49But so far, we just have to assume
that the brain of all people -
5:49 - 5:53work in the same way when using language.
-
5:55 - 6:00Now, in the next video,
we're going to look deeper into the brain. -
6:00 - 6:05We're going to study how your brain
works when you are listening or -
6:05 - 6:08speaking, when you are using language.
- Title:
- 5.1 Introduction (6:14)
- Description:
-
These are the Coursera-provided English subtitles: please don't edit them.
From Professor Marc van Oostendorp's "Miracles of Human Language" course: https://www.coursera.org/course/humanlanguage (October 26 - December 14, 2015 session)
- Video Language:
- English
Claude Almansi edited Metadata: Geo subtitles for 5.1 Introduction (6:14) | ||
Claude Almansi edited Metadata: Geo subtitles for 5.1 Introduction (6:14) |