Why some people are more altruistic than others
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0:01 - 0:03There's a man out there, somewhere,
-
0:03 - 0:06who looks a little bit
like the actor Idris Elba, -
0:06 - 0:08or at least he did 20 years ago.
-
0:08 - 0:10I don't know anything else about him,
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0:10 - 0:12except that he once saved my life
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0:12 - 0:14by putting his own life in danger.
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0:15 - 0:20This man ran across four lanes of freeway
traffic in the middle of the night -
0:20 - 0:22to bring me back to safety
-
0:22 - 0:25after a car accident
that could have killed me. -
0:25 - 0:27And the whole thing
left me really shaken up, obviously, -
0:27 - 0:31but it also left me with this
kind of burning, gnawing need -
0:31 - 0:33to understand why he did it,
-
0:34 - 0:37what forces within him
caused him to make the choice -
0:37 - 0:38that I owe my life to,
-
0:38 - 0:42to risk his own life
to save the life of a stranger? -
0:42 - 0:47In other words, what are the causes of his
or anybody else's capacity for altruism? -
0:48 - 0:50But first let me tell you what happened.
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0:50 - 0:51That night, I was 19 years old
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0:51 - 0:54and driving back to my home
in Tacoma, Washington, -
0:54 - 0:56down the Interstate 5 freeway,
-
0:56 - 0:58when a little dog
darted out in front of my car. -
0:58 - 1:00And I did exactly
what you're not supposed to do, -
1:01 - 1:02which is swerve to avoid it.
-
1:02 - 1:05And I discovered why
you're not supposed to do that. -
1:05 - 1:07I hit the dog anyways,
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1:07 - 1:10and that sent the car into a fishtail,
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1:10 - 1:12and then a spin across the freeway,
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1:12 - 1:16until finally it wound up
in the fast lane of the freeway -
1:16 - 1:19faced backwards into oncoming traffic
-
1:19 - 1:20and then the engine died.
-
1:21 - 1:25And I was sure in that moment
that I was about to die too, -
1:26 - 1:27but I didn't
-
1:27 - 1:30because of the actions
of that one brave man -
1:30 - 1:31who must have made the decision
-
1:31 - 1:34within a fraction of a second
of seeing my stranded car -
1:34 - 1:39to pull over and run
across four lanes of freeway traffic -
1:39 - 1:41in the dark
-
1:41 - 1:43to save my life.
-
1:43 - 1:46And then after he got my car working again
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1:46 - 1:49and got me back to safety
and made sure I was going to be all right, -
1:49 - 1:51he drove off again.
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1:51 - 1:53He never even told me his name,
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1:53 - 1:55and I'm pretty sure
I forgot to say thank you. -
1:56 - 1:58So before I go any further,
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1:58 - 2:00I really want to take a moment
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2:00 - 2:03to stop and say thank you
to that stranger. -
2:03 - 2:05(Applause)
-
2:11 - 2:12I tell you all of this
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2:12 - 2:16because the events of that night changed
the course of my life to some degree. -
2:16 - 2:18I became a psychology researcher,
-
2:18 - 2:23and I've devoted my work to understanding
the human capacity to care for others. -
2:23 - 2:25Where does it come from,
and how does it develop, -
2:25 - 2:27and what are the extreme forms
that it can take? -
2:28 - 2:31These questions are really important
to understanding basic aspects -
2:31 - 2:33of human social nature.
-
2:33 - 2:35A lot of people,
and this includes everybody -
2:35 - 2:38from philosophers
and economists to ordinary people -
2:38 - 2:42believe that human nature
is fundamentally selfish, -
2:42 - 2:46that we're only ever really motivated
by our own welfare. -
2:46 - 2:50But if that's true, why do some people,
like the stranger who rescued me, -
2:50 - 2:53do selfless things,
like helping other people -
2:53 - 2:55at enormous risk and cost to themselves?
-
2:56 - 2:57Answering this question
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2:57 - 3:01requires exploring the roots
of extraordinary acts of altruism, -
3:01 - 3:04and what might make people
who engage in such acts -
3:04 - 3:06different than other people.
-
3:06 - 3:09But until recently, very little work
on this topic had been done. -
3:10 - 3:12The actions of the man who rescued me
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3:12 - 3:15meet the most stringent
definition of altruism, -
3:15 - 3:17which is a voluntary, costly behavior
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3:17 - 3:20motivated by the desire
to help another individual. -
3:21 - 3:24So it's a selfless act
intended to benefit only the other. -
3:25 - 3:27What could possibly
explain an action like that? -
3:28 - 3:30One answer is compassion, obviously,
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3:30 - 3:32which is a key driver of altruism.
-
3:33 - 3:34But then the question becomes,
-
3:34 - 3:37why do some people
seem to have more of it than others? -
3:38 - 3:42And the answer may be that the brains
of highly altruistic people -
3:42 - 3:44are different in fundamental ways.
-
3:45 - 3:47But to figure out how,
-
3:47 - 3:49I actually started from the opposite end,
-
3:50 - 3:51with psychopaths.
-
3:53 - 3:56A common approach to understanding
basic aspects of human nature, -
3:56 - 3:58like the desire to help other people,
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3:58 - 4:01is to study people
in whom that desire is missing, -
4:01 - 4:03and psychopaths are exactly such a group.
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4:04 - 4:07Psychopathy is a developmental disorder
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4:07 - 4:09with strongly genetic origins,
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4:09 - 4:12and it results in a personality
that's cold and uncaring -
4:12 - 4:15and a tendency to engage in antisocial
and sometimes very violent behavior. -
4:16 - 4:19Once my colleagues and I
at the National Institute of Mental Health -
4:19 - 4:22conducted some of the first ever
brain imaging research -
4:22 - 4:24of psychopathic adolescents,
-
4:24 - 4:27and our findings, and the findings
of other researchers now, -
4:27 - 4:29have shown that people
who are psychopathic -
4:29 - 4:32pretty reliably exhibit
three characteristics. -
4:33 - 4:38First, although they're not generally
insensitive to other people's emotions, -
4:38 - 4:42they are insensitive to signs
that other people are in distress. -
4:42 - 4:43And in particular,
-
4:43 - 4:47they have difficulty recognizing
fearful facial expressions like this one. -
4:47 - 4:50And fearful expressions convey
urgent need and emotional distress, -
4:50 - 4:53and they usually elicit
compassion and a desire to help -
4:53 - 4:54in people who see them,
-
4:54 - 4:57so it makes sense that people
who tend to lack compassion -
4:57 - 4:59also tend to be insensitive to these cues.
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5:01 - 5:02The part of the brain
-
5:02 - 5:05that's the most important
for recognizing fearful expressions -
5:05 - 5:06is called the amygdala.
-
5:06 - 5:09There are very rare cases of people
who lack amygdalas completely, -
5:09 - 5:13and they're profoundly impaired
in recognizing fearful expressions. -
5:13 - 5:16And whereas healthy adults and children
-
5:16 - 5:18usually show big spikes
in amygdala activity -
5:18 - 5:20when they look at fearful expressions,
-
5:20 - 5:24psychopaths' amygdalas
are underreactive to these expressions. -
5:24 - 5:25Sometimes they don't react at all,
-
5:25 - 5:28which may be why they have
trouble detecting these cues. -
5:29 - 5:32Finally, psychopaths' amygdalas
are smaller than average -
5:32 - 5:34by about 18 or 20 percent.
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5:35 - 5:39So all of these findings
are reliable and robust, -
5:39 - 5:40and they're very interesting.
-
5:40 - 5:42But remember that my main interest
-
5:42 - 5:45is not understanding
why people don't care about others. -
5:45 - 5:47It's understanding why they do.
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5:48 - 5:50So the real question is,
-
5:50 - 5:52could extraordinary altruism,
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5:52 - 5:55which is the opposite of psychopathy
-
5:55 - 5:58in terms of compassion
and the desire to help other people, -
5:58 - 6:02emerge from a brain that is also
the opposite of psychopathy? -
6:02 - 6:04A sort of antipsychopathic brain,
-
6:06 - 6:09better able to recognize
other people's fear, -
6:09 - 6:11an amygdala that's more reactive
to this expression -
6:11 - 6:13and maybe larger than average as well?
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6:14 - 6:16As my research has now shown,
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6:16 - 6:17all three things are true.
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6:17 - 6:19And we discovered this
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6:19 - 6:22by testing a population
of truly extraordinary altruists. -
6:22 - 6:24These are people who have given
one of their own kidneys -
6:24 - 6:26to a complete stranger.
-
6:27 - 6:30So these are people who have volunteered
to undergo major surgery -
6:30 - 6:32so that one of their own
healthy kidneys can be removed -
6:32 - 6:34and transplanted into a very ill stranger
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6:34 - 6:36that they've never met and may never meet.
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6:37 - 6:40"Why would anybody do this?"
is a very common question. -
6:41 - 6:42And the answer may be
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6:42 - 6:44that the brains of these
extraordinary altruists -
6:44 - 6:46have certain special characteristics.
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6:47 - 6:50They are better at recognizing
other people's fear. -
6:50 - 6:54They're literally better at detecting
when somebody else is in distress. -
6:54 - 6:58This may be in part because their amygdala
is more reactive to these expressions. -
6:58 - 7:01And remember, this is the same part
of the brain that we found -
7:01 - 7:04was underreactive
in people who are psychopathic. -
7:04 - 7:07And finally, their amygdalas
are larger than average as well, -
7:07 - 7:08by about eight percent.
-
7:08 - 7:10So together, what these data suggest
-
7:10 - 7:13is the existence of something
like a caring continuum in the world -
7:13 - 7:17that's anchored at the one end
by people who are highly psychopathic, -
7:17 - 7:19and at the other by people
who are very compassionate -
7:19 - 7:21and driven to acts of extreme altruism.
-
7:23 - 7:27But I should add that what makes
extraordinary altruists so different -
7:27 - 7:29is not just that they're
more compassionate than average. -
7:29 - 7:31They are,
-
7:31 - 7:33but what's even more unusual about them
-
7:33 - 7:35is that they're compassionate
and altruistic -
7:35 - 7:38not just towards people
who are in their own innermost circle -
7:38 - 7:40of friends and family. Right?
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7:40 - 7:43Because to have compassion for people
that you love and identify with -
7:43 - 7:45is not extraordinary.
-
7:46 - 7:50Truly extraordinary altruists' compassion
extends way beyond that circle, -
7:50 - 7:52even beyond their wider
circle of acquaintances -
7:52 - 7:55to people who are outside
their social circle altogether, -
7:55 - 7:57total strangers,
-
7:57 - 7:59just like the man who rescued me.
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8:00 - 8:03And I've had the opportunity now
to ask a lot of altruistic kidney donors -
8:03 - 8:08how it is that they manage to generate
such a wide circle of compassion -
8:08 - 8:11that they were willing to give
a complete stranger their kidney. -
8:11 - 8:15And I found it's a really difficult
question for them to answer. -
8:15 - 8:19I say, "How is it that
you're willing to do this thing -
8:19 - 8:21when so many other people don't?
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8:21 - 8:23You're one of fewer than 2,000 Americans
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8:23 - 8:26who has ever given a kidney to a stranger.
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8:26 - 8:28What is it that makes you so special?"
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8:28 - 8:30And what do they say?
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8:31 - 8:33They say, "Nothing.
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8:34 - 8:36There's nothing special about me.
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8:36 - 8:38I'm just the same as everybody else."
-
8:39 - 8:42And I think that's actually
a really telling answer, -
8:42 - 8:46because it suggests that the circles
of these altruists don't look like this, -
8:47 - 8:49they look more like this.
-
8:49 - 8:50They have no center.
-
8:51 - 8:54These altruists literally
don't think of themselves -
8:54 - 8:56as being at the center of anything,
-
8:56 - 8:59as being better or more inherently
important than anybody else. -
9:00 - 9:03When I asked one altruist
why donating her kidney made sense to her, -
9:03 - 9:06she said, "Because it's not about me."
-
9:07 - 9:09Another said,
-
9:09 - 9:11"I'm not different. I'm not unique.
-
9:11 - 9:14Your study here is going to find out
that I'm just the same as you." -
9:14 - 9:19I think the best description
for this amazing lack of self-centeredness -
9:19 - 9:20is humility,
-
9:20 - 9:24which is that quality
that in the words of St. Augustine -
9:24 - 9:25makes men as angels.
-
9:26 - 9:28And why is that?
-
9:28 - 9:31It's because if there's
no center of your circle, -
9:31 - 9:33there can be no inner rings
or outer rings, -
9:33 - 9:36nobody who is more or less worthy
of your care and compassion -
9:36 - 9:37than anybody else.
-
9:38 - 9:41And I think that this is what really
distinguishes extraordinary altruists -
9:41 - 9:43from the average person.
-
9:43 - 9:47But I also think that this is a view
of the world that's attainable by many -
9:47 - 9:49and maybe even most people.
-
9:49 - 9:51And I think this
because at the societal level, -
9:51 - 9:55expansions of altruism and compassion
are already happening everywhere. -
9:56 - 9:58The psychologist Steven Pinker
and others have shown -
9:58 - 10:02that all around the world people
are becoming less and less accepting -
10:02 - 10:04of suffering in ever-widening
circles of others, -
10:04 - 10:07which has led to declines
of all kinds of cruelty and violence, -
10:07 - 10:11from animal abuse to domestic violence
to capital punishment. -
10:11 - 10:14And it's led to increases
in all kinds of altruism. -
10:14 - 10:17A hundred years ago, people
would have thought it was ludicrous -
10:17 - 10:19how normal and ordinary it is
-
10:19 - 10:22for people to donate
their blood and bone marrow -
10:22 - 10:24to complete strangers today.
-
10:25 - 10:27Is it possible that
a hundred years from now -
10:27 - 10:29people will think
that donating a kidney to a stranger -
10:29 - 10:31is just as normal and ordinary
-
10:31 - 10:34as we think donating blood
and bone marrow is today? -
10:34 - 10:35Maybe.
-
10:36 - 10:39So what's at the root
of all these amazing changes? -
10:39 - 10:40In part it seems to be
-
10:41 - 10:44increases in wealth
and standards of living. -
10:45 - 10:47As societies become
wealthier and better off, -
10:47 - 10:50people seem to turn
their focus of attention outward, -
10:50 - 10:54and as a result, all kinds of altruism
towards strangers increases, -
10:54 - 10:59from volunteering to charitable donations
and even altruistic kidney donations. -
10:59 - 11:02But all of these changes also yield
-
11:02 - 11:06a strange and paradoxical result,
-
11:06 - 11:09which is that even as the world is
becoming a better and more humane place, -
11:09 - 11:10which it is,
-
11:10 - 11:13there's a very common perception
that it's becoming worse -
11:13 - 11:15and more cruel, which it's not.
-
11:16 - 11:18And I don't know exactly why this is,
-
11:18 - 11:21but I think it may be
that we now just know so much more -
11:22 - 11:25about the suffering
of strangers in distant places, -
11:25 - 11:27and so we now care a lot more
-
11:27 - 11:29about the suffering
of those distant strangers. -
11:30 - 11:34But what's clear is the kinds
of changes we're seeing show -
11:34 - 11:36that the roots of altruism and compassion
-
11:36 - 11:39are just as much a part of human nature
as cruelty and violence, -
11:39 - 11:41maybe even more so,
-
11:41 - 11:45and while some people do seem
to be inherently more sensitive -
11:45 - 11:47to the suffering of distant others,
-
11:47 - 11:50I really believe that the ability
to remove oneself -
11:50 - 11:52from the center of the circle
-
11:52 - 11:56and expand the circle of compassion
outward to include even strangers -
11:56 - 11:59is within reach for almost everyone.
-
12:00 - 12:01Thank you.
-
12:01 - 12:09(Applause)
- Title:
- Why some people are more altruistic than others
- Speaker:
- Abigail Marsh
- Description:
-
Why do some people do selfless things, helping other people even at risk to their own well-being? Psychology researcher Abigail Marsh studies the motivations of people who do extremely altruistic acts, like donating a kidney to a complete stranger. Are their brains just different?
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDTalks
- Duration:
- 12:21
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Brian Greene approved English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Brian Greene edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz accepted English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Joanna Pietrulewicz edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others | ||
Joseph Geni edited English subtitles for Why some people are more altruistic than others |