How I'm discovering the secrets of ancient texts

On January 26, 2013,

a band of al Qaeda militants entered
the ancient city of Timbuktu

on the southern edge of the Sahara Desert.

There, they set fire to a medieval library
of 30,000 manuscripts

written in Arabic
and several African languages

and ranging in subject from astronomy
to geography, history to medicine,

including one book which records

perhaps the first treatment
for male erectile dysfunction.

Unknown in the West,

this was the collected wisdom
of an entire continent,

the voice of Africa at a time when Africa
was thought not to have a voice at all.

The Mayor of Bamako,
who witnessed the event,

called the burning of the manuscripts

"a crime against world cultural heritage."

And he was right:

or he would have been, if it weren't
for the fact that he was also lying.

In fact, just before,

African scholars had collected
a random assortment of old books

and left them out
for the terrorists to burn.

Today, the collection
lies hidden in Bamako,

the capital of Mali,

moldering in the high humidity.

What was rescued by ruse

is now once again in jeopardy,

this time by climate.

But Africa, and the far-flung
corners of the world,

are not the only places,
or even the main places

in which manuscripts that could change
the history of world culture

are in jeopardy.

Several years ago, I conducted
a survey of European research libraries

and discovered that,
at the barest minimum,

there are 60,000 manuscripts

pre-1500

that are illegible because
of water damage,

fading, mold, and chemical reagents.

The real number is likely double that,

and that doesn't even count

Renaissance manuscripts
and modern manuscripts

and cultural heritage objects
such as maps.

What if there were a technology

that could recover these lost
and unknown works?

Imagine worldwide how a trove
of hundreds of thousands

of previously unknown texts

could radically transform
our knowledge of the past.

Imagine what unknown classics
we would discover

which would rewrite the canons
of literature, history,

philosophy, music,

or, more provocatively, that could
rewrite our cultural identities,

building new bridges between
people and culture.

These are the questions
that transformed me

from a medieval scholar,
a reader of texts,

into a textual scientist.

What an unsatisfying word "reader" is.

For me, it conjures up
images of passivity,

of someone sitting idly in an armchair

waiting for knowledge to come to him

in a neat little parcel.

How much better to be
a participant in the past,

an adventurer in an undiscovered country,

searching for the hidden text.

As an academic, I was a mere reader.

I read and taught the same classics

that people had been reading
and teaching for hundreds of years --

Virgil, Ovid, Chaucer, Petrarch --

and with every scholarly article
that I published

I added to human knowledge
in ever-diminishing slivers of insight.

What I wanted to be

was an archaeologist of the past,

a discoverer of literature,

an Indiana Jones without the whip,

or actually with the whip.

And I wanted it not just for myself
but I wanted it for my students as well.

And so six years ago, I changed
the direction of my career.

At the time, I was working
on "The Chess of Love,"

the last important long poem
of the European Middle Ages

never to have been edited,

and it wasn't edited because
it existed in only one manuscript

which was so badly damaged
during the firebombing of Dresden

in World War II

that generations of scholars
had pronounced it lost.

For five years, I had been working
with an ultraviolet lamp

trying to recover traces of the writing

and I'd gone about as far
as technology at the time

could actually take me.

And so I did what many people do.

I went online,

and there I learned about

how multispectral imaging had been used
to recover two lost treatises

of the famed Greek
mathematician Archimedes

from a 13th-century palimpsest.

A palimpsest is a manuscript
which has been erased and overwritten.

And so, out of the blue,

I decided to write
to the lead imaging scientist

on the Archimedes palimpsest project,

Professor Roger Easton,

with a plan and a plea.

And to my surprise,
he actually wrote back.

With his help, I was able
to win a grant from the U.S. government

to build a transportable,
multispectral imaging lab,

and with this lab, I transformed
what was a charred and faded mess

into a new medieval classic.

So how does multispectral imaging
actually work?

Well, the idea behind
multispectral imaging

is something that anyone who is familiar
with infrared night vision goggles

will immediately appreciate,

that what we can see in the visible
spectrum of light

is only a tiny fraction
of what's actually there.

The same is true with invisible writing.

Our system uses 12 wavelengths of light

between the ultraviolet and the infrared,

and these are shown down
onto the manuscript from above

from banks of LEDs,

and another multispectral light source

which comes up through
the individual leaves of the manuscript.

Up to 35 images per sequence
per leaf are imaged this way

using a high-powered digital camera
equipped with a lens

which is made out of quartz.

There are about five
of these in the world.

And once we capture these images,

we feed them through
statistical algorithms

to further enhance and clarify them,

using software which was originally
designed for satellite images

and used by people
like geospatial scientists

and the CIA.

The results can be spectacular.

You may already have heard
of what's been done

for the Dead Sea Scrolls,

which are slowly gelatinizing.

Using infrared, we've been able
to read even the darkest corners

of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

You may not be aware, however,
of other Biblical texts

that are in jeopardy.

Here, for example, is a leaf
from a manuscript

that we imaged,

which is perhaps the most valuable
Christian Bible in the world.

The Codex ?? is the oldest translation
of the Gospels into Latin,

and it dates from the first half
of the fourth century.

This is the closest we can come

to the Bible at the time
of the foundation of Christendom

under Emperor Constantine,

and at the time also
of the Council of Nicaea,

when the basic creed of Christianity
was being agreed upon.

This manuscript, unfortunately,
has been very badly damaged,

and it's damaged because for centuries

it had been used and handled

in swearing in ceremonies in the Church.

In fact, that purple splotch
that you see in the upper left hand corner

is Aspergillus, which is a fungus

which originates in the unwashed hands

of a person with tuberculosis.

Our imaging has enabled me
to make the first transcription

of this manuscript in 250 years.

Having a lab that can travel
to collections where it's needed, however,

is only part of the solution.

The technology is expensive

and very rare,

and the imaging and image
processing skills are esoteric.

That means that mounting recoveries

is beyond the reach of most researchers
and all but the wealthiest institutions.

That's why I founded the Lazarus Project,

a non-for-profit initiative

to bring multispectral imaging
to individual researchers

and smaller institutions
at little or no cost whatsoever.

Over the past five years,

our team of imaging scientists,
scholars, and students,

has travelled to seven different countries

and have recovered some of the world's
most valuable damaged manuscripts,

included the Vercelli Book,
which is the oldest book of English,

the Black Book of Carmarthen,
the oldest book of Welsh,

and some of the most valuable
earliest Gospels

located in what is now
the former Soviet Georgia.

So, spectral imaging
can recover lost texts.

More subtly, though, it can recover
a second story behind every object,

the story of how, when, and by whom
a text was created,

and sometimes what the author
was thinking at the time he wrote.

Take, for example, a draft
of the Declaration of Independence

written in Thomas Jefferson's own hand,

which some colleagues of mind
imaged a few years ago

at the Library of Congress.

Curators had noticed
that one word throughout

had been scratched out and overwritten.

The word overwritten was "citizens."

Perhaps you can guess
what the word underneath was.

"Subjects."

There, ladies and gentlemen,
is American democracy

evolving under the hand
of Thomas Jefferson.

Or consider the 1491 Martellus Map,

which we imaged
at Yale's Beinecke Library.

This was the map that Columbus
likely consulted before he traveled

to the New World and which gave him
his idea of what Asia looked like

and where Japan was located.

The problem with this map
is that its inks and pigments

had so degraded over time

that this large, nearly seven foot map,

made the world look like
a giant desert.

Until now, we had very little idea,
detailed idea, that is,

of what Columbus knew of the world

and how world cultures were represented.

The main legend of the map
was entirely illegible under normal light.

Ultraviolet did very little for it.

Multispectral gave us everything.

In Asia, we learned of monsters
with ears so long

that they could cover
the creature's entire body.

In Africa, about a snake
who could cause the ground to smoke.

Like starlight, which can convey
images of the way the Universe

looked in the distant past,

so multispectral light can take us back
to the first stuttering moments

of an object's creation.

Through this lens, we witness
the mistakes, the changes of mind,

the naivetes, the uncensored thoughts,

the imperfections of the human imagination

that allow these hallowed objects
and their authors

to become more real,

that make history closer to us.

What about the future?

There's so much of the past,

and so few people with the skills
to rescue it

before these objects disappear forever.

That's why I have begun to teach
this new hybrid discipline

that I call "textual science."

Textual science is a marriage
of the traditional skills

of a literary scholar --

the ability to read old languages
and old handwriting,

the knowledge of how texts are made
in order to be able to place

and date them --

with new techniques like imaging science,

the chemistry of inks and pigments,

computer-aided optical
character recognition.

Last year, a student in my class,
a freshman,

with a background in Latin and Greek,

was image-processing a palimpsest
that we had photographed

at a famous library in Rome.

As he worked, tiny Greek writing
began to appear from behind the text.

Everyone gathered around,

and he read a line from a lost work

of the Greek comic dramatist Menander.

This was the first time
in well over a thousand years

that those words
had been pronounced aloud.

In that moment, he became a scholar.

Ladies and gentlemen,
that is the future of the past.

Thank you very much.

(Applause)