The cure in the near future is your digital twin | Frédéric Dayan | TEDxCannes
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0:32 - 0:35What do these two everyday objects,
-
0:35 - 0:39a drug and a smartphone,
have in common? -
0:39 - 0:44We will try to solve
this little riddle today, -
0:44 - 0:46in the next few minutes.
-
0:46 - 0:51First, the drug: I have always
been fascinated by this object. -
0:51 - 0:55The mere fact of swallowing it
is somehow almost magical, -
0:55 - 0:59it's enough to cure diseases,
sometimes, to even brave death. -
0:59 - 1:01I have always been fascinated
-
1:01 - 1:05by the fact that this same drug
helps to cure billions of people, -
1:05 - 1:08all of them different:
you, your neighbor, me. -
1:08 - 1:12It is the challenge
of personalized medicine: -
1:12 - 1:15to understand why, when I have a headache,
-
1:15 - 1:19if I take an aspirin pill,
that is enough to relieve my pain, -
1:19 - 1:22while my neighbor needs
two of the same pills -
1:22 - 1:25to relieve the same headache pain.
-
1:25 - 1:28Therefore, these questions are
the challenges of tomorrow -
1:29 - 1:32when it comes to understanding
our personal response to treatment, -
1:32 - 1:35and above all, finding
the best treatment for everyone. -
1:35 - 1:38So I suggest you keep in mind
these questions, -
1:38 - 1:41- they are particularly dear to me,
we shall return to them later - -
1:41 - 1:45and I first suggest that you look back
in the rearview mirror a little -
1:46 - 1:50and notice the extraordinary progress
that has been made in medicine -
1:50 - 1:52in the past century:
-
1:52 - 1:55we've extended life expectancy,
and decoded our genes. -
1:55 - 1:59Louis Pasteur would have believed
science was a fiction novel -
1:59 - 2:02had he seen the extent
of our modern biology; -
2:02 - 2:07there are decades of technological
revolution behind this drug. -
2:08 - 2:09On the other hand,
-
2:09 - 2:15what an extraordinary progress
has been achieved in computer science -
2:15 - 2:16in the past 30 years
-
2:16 - 2:21thinking back at how computers
used to occupy entire rooms. -
2:21 - 2:24Today, we concentrate
a phenomenal computing power -
2:24 - 2:26in the palm of our hands.
-
2:27 - 2:28Do you remember Alan Turing?
-
2:28 - 2:31Alan Turing who was considered
the father of the modern computer -
2:31 - 2:34during the World War II;
-
2:34 - 2:37I think he would have believed
science is a fiction novel too, -
2:37 - 2:40had he seen the extent
of our modern computer science. -
2:41 - 2:45My vocation is to bring
these two worlds together -
2:45 - 2:48and power, inside a computer,
-
2:49 - 2:55the stimulation of an organism,
of your personal response to treatment. -
2:56 - 3:01Of course, behind these
scientific and technological stakes, -
3:01 - 3:04there are several social issues hidden.
-
3:04 - 3:09Do you know that this drug,
apparently so innocent, so familiar, -
3:09 - 3:11is very far from being a mere drug?
-
3:11 - 3:15There are more deaths each year
due to inadequate medication -
3:15 - 3:20than people killed in road accidents
and suicides combined. -
3:21 - 3:25I think that this small object,
a smartphone or a computer, -
3:25 - 3:28can help tackle these issues.
-
3:28 - 3:30And before talking technology,
-
3:30 - 3:33I would like to start by sharing
a little personal anecdote. -
3:33 - 3:36I want to talk to you
about my wife, Caroline. -
3:37 - 3:41Caroline is an avid
animal rights activist. -
3:41 - 3:43On my part, for several years,
-
3:43 - 3:47I worked on cancer
in an experimental biology laboratory -
3:47 - 3:50and among our activities,
we sometimes worked on animals. -
3:50 - 3:53You can imagine the disaster
at home sometimes. -
3:54 - 3:55That was something.
-
3:55 - 3:57Of course, she would question me:
-
3:57 - 4:00do we have the right
to sometimes abuse animals -
4:00 - 4:03and is it always really that useful?
-
4:05 - 4:08We have an extremely complex debate
-
4:09 - 4:11and of course, I will never deny
-
4:11 - 4:15all the contributions experimental biology
and animal biology to current knowledge. -
4:15 - 4:18Nevertheless, this discussion
made me question myself, -
4:18 - 4:21and I would like to share with you
some of that reflection today. -
4:21 - 4:26That's true, this drug originally
was designed based on animals, -
4:26 - 4:30then only afterwards,
it was tested on man. -
4:30 - 4:31But not on you in particular!
-
4:31 - 4:35Remember, we all respond differently,
-
4:35 - 4:37You, me, my neighbor.
-
4:38 - 4:44Why? Because you, madam,
are not the replica of you, sir. -
4:44 - 4:48That explains why you respond
differently to this treatment. -
4:48 - 4:49And if I may,
-
4:49 - 4:53you, madam, are even less
the replica of a lab mouse. -
4:53 - 4:57When, in fact, cancer
is tackled through the animal, -
4:57 - 4:59we want to cure Cancer with a big C.
-
5:00 - 5:02I do not want to cure cancer.
-
5:03 - 5:05I do not want to cure cancer.
-
5:05 - 5:08I want to cure your cancer.
-
5:08 - 5:12If one day it should happen to you,
and I do not wish it, -
5:12 - 5:13but if that were the case,
-
5:13 - 5:16I would love to find
the best treatment for you -
5:16 - 5:19which is not the same
as your neighbor’s -
5:19 - 5:22because your cancer would not be
the replica of your neighbor’s cancer -
5:22 - 5:25and even less, once again,
the replica of a cancer -
5:25 - 5:29artificially induced
in a laboratory animal. -
5:30 - 5:33Isn't there another way
of conceiving things? -
5:33 - 5:38The idea's here to start from the patient,
from you, from your characteristics, -
5:38 - 5:40to project them into the machine,
-
5:41 - 5:43create what is called a digital twin,
-
5:43 - 5:47and in this digital twin, test
the response to the treatment, -
5:47 - 5:49thus decreasing animal testing
-
5:49 - 5:52which is costly
and ethically questionable, -
5:52 - 5:56and in addition, better targeting
the response to treatment. -
5:56 - 5:59So how do we get there?
-
5:59 - 6:03Of course, our organism
is extremely complex: -
6:03 - 6:05a man's is diffrent from a woman's
-
6:05 - 6:10but I believe women's are sometimes
particularly more complex. -
6:10 - 6:13The complete opposite
is also true, I assure you. -
6:13 - 6:18On a more serius note, I like
the analogy with electronics -
6:18 - 6:20to grasp this magnificent complexity.
-
6:20 - 6:25I am always amazed when I see
the circuit in a simple radio, -
6:25 - 6:29the complexity of its connections,
sub-circuits, and components. -
6:29 - 6:32There is very similar
to our complex organism. -
6:32 - 6:36Of course in biology, in our organism,
-
6:36 - 6:38the interactions are not electronic,
-
6:38 - 6:41they are chemical, physical, biological
-
6:41 - 6:44and this is precisely
the mission of biology: -
6:44 - 6:47to decipher this complexity.
-
6:47 - 6:50But there is a fundamental
difference with electronics: -
6:50 - 6:54no human has conceived
the blueprint of our organism. -
6:55 - 6:58When a radio breaks down,
-
6:58 - 7:00since we know the blueprint,
we know how to repair it. -
7:00 - 7:05It's a whole different story
when our organism breaks down, -
7:05 - 7:06gets sick.
-
7:07 - 7:11we do not know the blueprint,
so it's a little bit as if -
7:11 - 7:14some natives of Amazon,
however intelligent they may be, -
7:14 - 7:19had to understand and repair
a radio overnight. -
7:19 - 7:21That, again, is the challenge of biology.
-
7:21 - 7:24In recent years, we have come
to understand better -
7:24 - 7:27and more and more pathologies.
-
7:27 - 7:29Thousands of research teams
around the world, -
7:29 - 7:31are decrypting this complexity,
-
7:31 - 7:38understanding small pieces of circuitry,
independent pieces of the puzzle. -
7:38 - 7:42This is where computer science
and mathematics come into play. -
7:43 - 7:44With these tools,
-
7:44 - 7:49we will be able to reattach
these little bits -
7:49 - 7:54and to make live in a virtual world,
in the machine, -
7:54 - 7:58these bits, assembled circuits,
puzzle pieces that we simulate, -
7:58 - 8:00that we make come alive
inside the computer. -
8:00 - 8:04What you see here is a virtual cell,
-
8:04 - 8:06a cancer cell,
-
8:06 - 8:10It is in fact the projection
of a cancer cell in a software, -
8:10 - 8:13what is commonly called an application.
-
8:13 - 8:15Again we see the analogy
with electronics, -
8:16 - 8:18there are all these circuits,
these connections. -
8:18 - 8:20Again, it's biology.
-
8:20 - 8:23And we see all this complexity
of the cancer cell -
8:23 - 8:25which makes it formidably effective.
-
8:25 - 8:30Each dot, of course these are not
dots of electronic components, -
8:30 - 8:33is a biological interaction,
a protein for example. -
8:33 - 8:36We saw there Akt, Ras,
-
8:36 - 8:40which is a protein that is involved
in the virulence of many cancers: -
8:40 - 8:43pancreatic cancer, skin cancer...
-
8:44 - 8:49What is particularly interesting
in this virtual cancer cell -
8:49 - 8:53is that it is not simply
a collection of information. -
8:53 - 8:56In fact, behind each dot,
each entity in this network, -
8:56 - 8:58hides an equation.
-
8:58 - 9:02And behind a whole network
is a system of equations -
9:02 - 9:05at the confluence between
mathematics and biology. -
9:05 - 9:07It is called bio-mathematics,
-
9:07 - 9:10also called the biology of systems
-
9:10 - 9:14and it allows us
to set this network to music, -
9:14 - 9:17to play, to simulate parts
of this virtual cell, -
9:17 - 9:21parts, pieces of this puzzle
in the machine. -
9:22 - 9:24So this is an incredible playground,
-
9:24 - 9:28because this complexity is very difficult
for the human brain to apprehend. -
9:28 - 9:32And thanks to the computer tool
and the mathematical tool, -
9:32 - 9:36we are able to master, control
and visualize this complexity. -
9:36 - 9:38And when we visualize things,
-
9:38 - 9:42we are making a big step
towards solving problems. -
9:43 - 9:47Now, let's put us in the shoes
of a drug designer. -
9:47 - 9:50Let us play the role
of the pharmaceutical laboratory. -
9:51 - 9:53In this digital twin,
-
9:53 - 9:55we will be able to test the new drugs
-
9:55 - 9:58to reduce animal testing
-
9:58 - 10:01and to promote experimentation
on virtual patients -
10:01 - 10:04who will reflect your own diversity.
-
10:04 - 10:09Tomorrow, why not test your own response
to your medications -
10:09 - 10:13on your own avatar,
your own digital twin? -
10:15 - 10:19Not to cure cancer, to cure your cancer.
-
10:21 - 10:24Personally, I am convinced
that this innovation, tomorrow, -
10:24 - 10:26will knock on our door,
-
10:26 - 10:29for medicines of everyday life.
-
10:31 - 10:34I say that because we talk a lot about
big data, right now in biology. -
10:34 - 10:38It is in direct connection
with our subject, these massive data, -
10:38 - 10:40are the data that make us all different,
-
10:40 - 10:44explain our differences,
my weight, my age, my height, -
10:44 - 10:45but also my genetic data,
-
10:45 - 10:48my bio-markers...
-
10:49 - 10:53therefore explain our difference
in response to treatment -
10:53 - 10:56and why I need less aspirin
than my next door neighbour. -
10:56 - 10:59These numerical and mathematical
models that I have shown you -
10:59 - 11:02feed on these massive data
and biological data. -
11:02 - 11:06Thanks to them, we will be able
to build and specify your avatar, -
11:06 - 11:09set up your digital twin.
-
11:10 - 11:11So you understood it,
-
11:11 - 11:14presently, we talk a lot
about personalized medicine. -
11:14 - 11:19Today, I told you about
customized modeling -
11:19 - 11:22in a calculation concentrate,
like this one, -
11:22 - 11:26to be able tomorrow to simulate
your personal response to the treatment. -
11:29 - 11:32This is really the challenge
of personalized medicine, -
11:32 - 11:35digital medicine,
the medicine of the future. -
11:36 - 11:40You may think I'm exaggerating a little.
-
11:40 - 11:44In fact, that is my belief,
even if perhaps today, for some, -
11:44 - 11:47my words resonate
like a science fiction novel. -
11:47 - 11:48Thank you.
-
11:48 - 11:51(Applause)
- Title:
- The cure in the near future is your digital twin | Frédéric Dayan | TEDxCannes
- Description:
-
This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx
In this talk, Frédéric Dayan shows how inspiring the e-health challenges are, and why he dreams of a fully-digitalized patient, a personal virtual copy in the machine. He describes a new way of personalizing a treatment thanks to big data in healthcare.
Dr. Frédéric Dayan is a scientist, an entrepreneur, and an expert in bio-modeling. He has two PhDs, one in Pharmacy and another one in Cancer Research; he is also an Engineering Physicist. After an academic career, he led R&D teams, both in the world of start-ups and corporate industries. His ambition is that everyone should benefit from a "digital twin".
- Video Language:
- French
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 12:01