The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick
-
0:12 - 0:15I’ve been asked
to say a few words -
0:15 - 0:20about the global shift
in power in politics. -
0:20 - 0:24That's a hotly debated topic these days.
-
0:24 - 0:28There’s a great deal
of speculation about -
0:28 - 0:32whether or when China will
displace the United States -
0:32 - 0:34as the dominant global power,
-
0:34 - 0:37perhaps along with India,
-
0:37 - 0:41which if true would mean that
the global system would be returning -
0:41 - 0:46to something like what it was
before the European conquests, -
0:46 - 0:49primarily from the 17th century.
-
0:49 - 0:53Just to illustrate
the mood with unscientific -
0:53 - 0:56but probably representative sample,
-
0:56 - 1:01I was talking recently to
a professor of history -
1:01 - 1:04at one of the Massachusetts'
state colleges, -
1:04 - 1:09who told me that at the beginning
of every semester she asks -
1:09 - 1:14her students what they think
are the richest countries in the world. -
1:14 - 1:19And for the last few years,
they've been regularly saying China and India. -
1:19 - 1:23Well, you could believe that
if you read the headlines. -
1:23 - 1:26A few qualifications may be in order.
-
1:26 - 1:31First, what about wealth
or the health of the society. -
1:31 - 1:33There's a standard measure,
-
1:33 - 1:37it's the Human Development Index
comes out every year. -
1:37 - 1:41With the latest release,
-
1:41 - 1:45India was ranked at 134th,
-
1:45 - 1:48slightly above Cambodia,
-
1:48 - 1:51below Laos and Tajikistan.
-
1:51 - 1:54That's about where it was
several decades ago. -
1:54 - 1:58China was ranked 92nd.
-
1:58 - 2:00But that's a little uncertain
-
2:00 - 2:03since the poor areas of China
-
2:03 - 2:06are not very accessible
in this more closed society. -
2:06 - 2:08So it could be lower.
-
2:08 - 2:10Where it's ranked
it's tied with Belize -
2:10 - 2:12as slightly above Jordan
-
2:12 - 2:16and below the Dominican Republic
and Iran. -
2:16 - 2:18By comparison,
-
2:18 - 2:21Cuba, which has been
under harsh US attack -
2:21 - 2:25for 50 years is ranked 52nd.
-
2:25 - 2:27It's above both of those,
-
2:27 - 2:30also the highest in the Central America
and the Caribbean, -
2:30 - 2:34barely below Argentina and Uruguay.
-
2:34 - 2:38India and China also have
extraordinarily high inequalities, -
2:38 - 2:40some of the worst in the world.
-
2:40 - 2:42So that means
a well over a billion people -
2:42 - 2:45are much further down
in the scale. -
2:45 - 2:48Well, what about debt?
-
2:48 - 2:56Common discussion ideas, it places
the United States enthralled to China's whims. -
2:56 - 3:01Well, apart from a very brief interlude,
which is now over, -
3:01 - 3:03Japan has been the biggest holder
-
3:03 - 3:06
of the US government debt. -
3:06 - 3:10At best, it’s not much of a weapon
-
3:10 - 3:14for many reasons
that are well understood. -
3:14 - 3:16What about prospects?
-
3:16 - 3:19The United States has
enormous advantages -
3:19 - 3:21over both Europe and Asia.
-
3:21 - 3:23For one thing, it's unified,
-
3:23 - 3:27has a relatively homogeneous population,
one language, -
3:27 - 3:30a huge internal market
and rich resources, -
3:30 - 3:34a favorable climate
and much more. -
3:34 - 3:37What about military power?
-
3:37 - 3:39Well, here there's just
no discussion. -
3:39 - 3:44The US is about the same
as the rest of the world combined -
3:44 - 3:47in military expenditures, much more
if we can add intelligence. -
3:47 - 3:50Technologically far more advanced.
-
3:50 - 3:54It's the only country with
hundreds of military bases, -
3:54 - 3:57maybe 800 military bases abroad,
-
3:57 - 4:01which in fact are regularly used
for the exercise of violence. -
4:01 - 4:04So here, there's no comparison.
-
4:04 - 4:08Actually there’s more
fundamental observation. -
4:08 - 4:12The entire framework of discussion,
though conventional, -
4:12 - 4:14is pretty misleading.
-
4:14 - 4:18The global system is not
just an interaction among states, -
4:18 - 4:22which pursue some
so-called national interest, -
4:22 - 4:27which is abstracted from the distribution
of domestic power within the society. -
4:27 - 4:32That’s the way the matter
is usually viewed in commentary -
4:32 - 4:38and also in the profession and
professional international relations theory. -
4:38 - 4:40Largely dominant views
called realism -- -
4:40 - 4:45views the international system
roughly in this fashion. -
4:45 - 4:48Now, there have always been
critics of this view. -
4:48 - 4:51To take one, Adam Smith.
-
4:51 - 4:55Adam Smith was concerned
primarily with England. -
4:55 - 4:56And he described --
-
4:56 - 4:58He said that in England,
-
4:58 - 5:02the principal architects
of government policy -
5:02 - 5:05are merchants and manufacturers
-
5:05 - 5:07and they make sure
that their own interests -
5:07 - 5:10are most peculiarly attended to,
-
5:10 - 5:14however, grievous the impact
on others, -
5:14 - 5:15including the people of the England,
-
5:15 - 5:19but of course far worse
of those who are subject to -
5:19 - 5:22what he called the savage injustice
of the Europeans. -
5:22 - 5:26He was referring particularly
to England and India. -
5:26 - 5:30Well, today, pretty much
the same maxim holds. -
5:30 - 5:33It's not merchants and manufacturers
-
5:33 - 5:35in the United States and Europe.
-
5:35 - 5:40It's primarily multinational corporations
and financial institutions. -
5:40 - 5:44The financialization of the economy
has been in a dramatic change -
5:44 - 5:47in the last roughly 30 years.
-
5:47 - 5:51If you go back to about 1970 in the United States,
-
5:51 - 5:55financial institutions amounted to
maybe 3 percent of gross domestic product. -
5:55 - 5:58And now it's approaching a third.
-
5:58 - 6:02Corresponding fact is
the hollowing out of productive industry -
6:02 - 6:05and that has huge effects
on the society, -
6:05 - 6:07on political decisions
and on the political system -
6:07 - 6:10generally keeping to
Adam Smith's maxim. -
6:10 - 6:14In fact we've just seen
a very dramatic illustration of that. -
6:14 - 6:19President Obama,
who has gained office, -
6:19 - 6:23in large measure through the support
of the financial industry, -
6:23 - 6:25huge component of the economy.
-
6:25 - 6:30And they preferred him to McCain
and that was the core of his funding. -
6:30 - 6:32And there was a payoff.
-
6:32 - 6:36Huge bailouts
to the financial institutions -
6:36 - 6:38when the system collapsed.
-
6:38 - 6:40And they were actually
much more important gifts -
6:40 - 6:43that are not so much discussed.
-
6:43 - 6:45So takes a Goldman Sachs,
-
6:45 - 6:47which is considered the top dog
-
6:47 - 6:50in the economy and
the political system. -
6:50 - 6:54It made a mint by selling
mortgage-based securities -
6:54 - 6:57and more complex
financial instruments -
6:57 - 6:59to unwitting buyers.
-
6:59 - 7:02But Goldman Sachs itself knew
what it was doing. -
7:02 - 7:05They knew that they were
likely to go bust. -
7:05 - 7:10So the company insured itself
against loss -
7:10 - 7:14by betting that
what they're selling would fail -
7:14 - 7:16using, what's called,
credit default swaps -
7:16 - 7:20through giant insurance agency AIG,
-
7:20 - 7:23the world's biggest insurance agency.
-
7:23 - 7:25Well, when the financial system collapsed,
-
7:25 - 7:28it took AIG down with it.
-
7:28 - 7:32But Goldman's boys are well-placed
among the architects of power -
7:32 - 7:36and they not only arranged
for a huge bailout. -
7:36 - 7:38but more importantly,
they got the taxpayer -
7:38 - 7:45to pay to save AIG from bankruptcy
by up their collapsed loans -
7:47 - 7:51and that incidentally saved Goldman Sachs
from the same fate. -
7:51 - 7:56Now, the CEO of Goldman Sachs
Lloyd Blankfein -
7:56 - 8:00is hailed as maybe
the greatest genius since Einstein. -
8:00 - 8:03Goldman's making record profits,
-
8:03 - 8:05paying out huge bonuses.
-
8:05 - 8:09And the other agents
of the financial crisis -
8:09 - 8:11are bigger and more powerful
than ever. -
8:11 - 8:16Well, the public may not understand
the details, but they are furious. -
8:16 - 8:20The banks that created the crisis
are visibly booming, -
8:20 - 8:22the population is suffering,
-
8:22 - 8:27the unemployment is officially
at about 10 percent, actually much higher. -
8:27 - 8:31In manufacturing industry,
it's about the level of the Great Depression. -
8:31 - 8:33And those jobs
are not coming back -
8:33 - 8:37because of the shipping
of productive capacity abroad. -
8:37 - 8:40In fact, for the last 30 years,
-
8:40 - 8:42for the majority of the population,
-
8:42 - 8:46there has been roughly stagnation,
sometimes decline, -
8:46 - 8:52in the real wages as wealth
poured into very few pockets -
8:52 - 8:55at highest inequality in US history.
-
8:55 - 8:57So there's plenty of anger.
-
8:57 - 9:00And finally President Obama
had to react to it. -
9:00 - 9:02And he did a couple months ago.
-
9:02 - 9:04He reacted first with
the rhetorical shift, -
9:04 - 9:07started talking about
bad bankers and so on. -
9:07 - 9:12And also a few policy suggestions
that the financial industry didn't like. -
9:12 - 9:14But he was supposed to be
their man in Washington. -
9:14 - 9:16They'd bought him
and put him in. -
9:16 - 9:20And the principal architects
very quickly sent their instructions. -
9:20 - 9:25They announced very publicly that
they're shifting funds to the political opposition. -
9:25 - 9:30And they poured money
into crucial election in Massachusetts, -
9:30 - 9:35which gave the Republicans the power
to block any congressional legislations. -
9:35 - 9:37An Interesting story in itself.
-
9:37 - 9:39And Obama got the message
within days. -
9:39 - 9:42Within days, he informed
the business press -
9:42 - 9:46that bankers are, I'm quoting now,
"are fine guys." -
9:46 - 9:48He singled out for praise
the chairmen of chairs -
9:48 - 9:54of the JP Morgan Chase and Goldman Sachs,
the two biggest players. -
9:54 - 9:57And he assured the business world
as he put it that, -
9:57 - 10:02"I, like most of the American people,
don't begrudge people's success or wealth." -
10:02 - 10:07He's referring to the huge bonuses and profits
that are infuriating the public. -
10:07 - 10:11"That's part of the free market system,"
Obama continued. -
10:11 - 10:15Not inaccurately
as free markets are interpreted -
10:15 - 10:17in state capitalist doctrine.
-
10:17 - 10:23It's a very revealing snapshot
of the Smith's maxim in action. -
10:25 - 10:28Well, with Adam Smith's
crucial corrective in mind, -
10:28 - 10:30let's take another look
at the global system. -
10:30 - 10:32See what's happening to it.
-
10:32 - 10:35There is a real shift of power
across the world, -
10:35 - 10:39namely, from the workforce
to transnational capital. -
10:39 - 10:42And China does play a big role in it.
-
10:42 - 10:47It's basically the assembly plant
for a regional production system. -
10:47 - 10:51Japan, Taiwan,
other Asian economies -
10:51 - 10:55export high-tech parts
and components to China, -
10:55 - 10:59and China assembles
and exports them -
10:59 - 11:03using its advantages of extremely cheap
and highly repressed labor and land. -
11:05 - 11:09There's much concern
about the trade deficit with China, -
11:09 - 11:11-- US trade deficit.
-
11:11 - 11:13Which is in fact huge and growing.
-
11:13 - 11:18But there’s less attention to the fact
that there's a compensating factor -
11:18 - 11:23that trade deficit with Japan
and the rest of Asia have sharply declined, -
11:23 - 11:27as the new regional production system
takes place. -
11:27 - 11:30And US manufacturers are
following the same course. -
11:30 - 11:33They're providing parts
and components for China -
11:33 - 11:37to assemble and export
back to the United States often -
11:37 - 11:40for the financial institutions
and the retail giants -
11:40 - 11:46and the ownership and management
of manufacturing industry. -
11:46 - 11:50And the sectors closely related
to this nexus of power. -
11:50 - 11:53It's heavenly.
That's also well understood. -
11:53 - 11:58So the head of the very influential
Sloan Foundation, -
11:58 - 12:03Ralph Gomory, testified before Congress
a couple years ago -
12:03 - 12:05and he explained that, as he put it,
-
12:05 - 12:11"In this new era of globalization, the interests
of companies and countries have diverged -
12:11 - 12:13in contrast to the past.
-
12:13 - 12:17What is good for America's
global corporations -
12:17 - 12:22is no longer necessarily good
for the American people." -
12:22 - 12:24Take one striking illustration.
-
12:24 - 12:27Take IBM,
peak of the computer industry. -
12:27 - 12:32Today it employs
about 400,000 people -
12:32 - 12:38in its facilities in the United States
and its subsidiaries abroad. -
12:38 - 12:41By now, employees
within the United States -
12:41 - 12:45have declined to about 30 percent.
-
12:45 - 12:49Many of the employees here are informed
-
12:49 - 12:52that they have to go abroad
if they want to keep their jobs. -
12:52 - 12:56Well, that's fine for IBM owners
and directors, -
12:56 - 13:00but it's grievous for the country
as Adam Smith put it. -
13:00 - 13:06And it's worth adding that IBM became
the global giant in computing -
13:06 - 13:10in large measure thanks to
the magnificence of the US taxpayer -
13:10 - 13:15who substantially funded
the core of the IT revolution -
13:16 - 13:18and most of the rest
of the high-tech economy. -
13:18 - 13:21But business is not philanthropy.
-
13:21 - 13:25Corporations are dedicated
to maximizing profit and market share. -
13:25 - 13:28In fact, that's a legal obligation
for management. -
13:28 - 13:32So it's not good for the country.
It’s too bad. -
13:32 - 13:37Well, China became
the world's assembly plant. -
13:37 - 13:42The Chinese workers are suffering
along with the rest of the global workforce. -
13:42 - 13:44And it's just as we would anticipate in a system
-
13:44 - 13:48that's designed to concentrate
wealth and power, -
13:48 - 13:53and to set working people in competition
with one another worldwide. -
13:53 - 13:58Worldwide the share of workers
and national income has been declining -
13:58 - 14:00but dramatically so in China,
-
14:00 - 14:03maybe more than anywhere
else close to it, -
14:03 - 14:10which is also leading to growing unrest
in this highly inegalitarian society -
14:10 - 14:12one of the most inegalitarian
in the world, -
14:12 - 14:17and capable of considerable violence
to suppress dissent. -
14:17 - 14:21Well, there's a good deal more
to say about all of this -
14:21 - 14:29but just to summarize with few salient points
from a much more complex reality. -
14:29 - 14:34There are indeed very important shifts
in global power. -
14:34 - 14:38And if we escape from
the doctrinal framework, -
14:38 - 14:40we can see what they are.
-
14:40 - 14:45There's a shift from the general
population worldwide -
14:45 - 14:48to the principal architects
of the global power system -
14:48 - 14:53that's pretty much as
what any rational person would expect, -
14:53 - 14:58particularly when in an era
-- reffering now to the West -
14:58 - 15:01particularly the United States and Europe --
-
15:01 - 15:07large-scale depoliticization,
undermining of functioning democracy. -
15:09 - 15:12Where it goes from here depends on
-
15:12 - 15:15how much the great majority
is willing to endure.
- Title:
- The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick
- Description:
-
Renowned philosopher Noam Chomsky talks about real power shifts happening in the world.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TEDxTalks
- Duration:
- 15:17
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom approved English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
Ivana Korom edited English subtitles for The Global Shift in Power in Politics - Noam Chomsky at TEDxWarwick | ||
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