The science of milk - Jonathan J. O'Sullivan

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The milk industry produces in excess of 840 million tons of products each year. Why do humans drink so much milk? And given that all mammals lactate, why do we favor certain types of milk over others? Jonathan J. O’Sullivan describes how milk is made.

Lesson by Jonathan J. O'Sullivan, animation by TED-Ed.

Why do humans drink so much milk?

And given that all mammals lactate,

why do we favor certain types of milk
over others?

Milk is the first thing we drink,

and thanks to developments in the
production and variety of dairy products,

it can take on countless forms for our
dietary and sensory well-being.

Milk's primary function is as a complete
source of nutrition for newborns.

In fact, since it has all of the vital
nutrients for development and growth,

proteins,

carbohydrates,

fats,

vitamins and minerals,

and water,

milk is the only thing a baby
even needs to ingest

for the first six months of life.

The unique makeup of milk can vary
depending on factors like species,

diet,

and location.

Reindeer of the Arctic Circle,
for example,

make energy-dense milk
that's about 20% fat,

roughly five times more than human
or cow's milk,

to help their young survive the harsh,
freezing climate.

So how is milk made?

In the uniquely mammalian process
of lactation,

a special class of milk-secreting cells
known as mammocytes

line up in a single layer around
pear-shaped alveoli.

Those cells absorb all of the building
blocks of milk,

then synthesize tiny droplets of fat

on structures called
smooth endoplasmic reticula.

The droplets combine with each other
and other molecules

and are then expelled and stored
in spaces between cells.

Mammary glands eventually secrete the milk
through the breasts, udders,

or, in the rare case of the platypus,
through ducts in the abdomen.

Although this process is typically
reserved for females,

in some species, like dayak fruit bats,

goats,

and even cats,

males can also lactate.

Milk drinkers worldwide consume
dairy from buffalo,

goats,

sheeps,

camels,

yaks,

horses,

and cows.

Almost all of these species are ruminants,

a type of mammal with
four-chambered stomachs

that yield large quantities of milk.

Of these, cows were the most
easily domesticated

and produce a milk that is both
easily separated into cream and liquid

and has a similar fat content
to human milk.

In their natural environment,

mammals secrete milk on call
for immediate consumption by their young.

But with the demands of thirsty consumers,

the dairy industry has enlisted methods
to step up production,

enhance shelf life,

and provide a variety of milk products.

In the dairy, centrifugation machines
spin milk at high speeds,

forcing less dense fats to separate
from the liquid and float up.

After being skimmed off,

this fat, known as butterfat,
can be used in dairy products

like butter,

cream,

and cheese.

Or it can be later added back to
the liquid in varying proportions

to yield different fat content milks.

Full fat milk, sometimes referred to
as whole milk, has 3.25% butterfat added

compared to 1-2% for low
and reduced fat milk,

and less than half a percent
for skim milk.

To stop reseparation of the fat
from the water, or creaming,

the mixture undergoes the high-energy
pressurized process of homogenization.

Before milk hits the shelves, it's also
typically heat treated

to reduce its level of microbes,

a government-sanctioned process

that raw milk enthusiasts argue
may reduce milk's nutritional worth.

Milk spoilage is started by microbes,

which consume and break down
the nutrients in milk.

That process causes butterfat
to clump together,

leading to a visually unpleasant product.

And the byproducts of
the microbes' consumption

are compounds that taste
and smell nasty.

But there's a bigger problem.

Raw milk can carry microbes that are
the sources of deadly diseases,

so in order to kill as many of those
microbes as possible,

and keep milk fresh longer,

we use a technique called pasteurization.

One version of this process involves
exposing milk

to about 30 seconds of high heat.

Another version,
called ultra-high temperature processing,

or ultra pasteurization,

blasts the milk with considerably higher
temperatures over just a few seconds.

UHT milk boasts a much longer shelf life,

up to twelve months unrefrigerated,

compared to pasteurized milk's
two weeks in the fridge.

That's because the higher temperatures
of UHT processing

inactivate far more microbes.

Yet the higher processing temperatures

may adversely affect the nutritional
and sensory properties of the milk.

Ultimately, that choice lies
in the consumer's taste

and need for convenience.

Fortunately, there are many
choices available

in an industry that produces in excess
of 840 million tons of products each year.