What can you learn from ancient skeletons? - Farnaz Khatibi
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0:07 - 0:09Between 2008 and 2012,
-
0:09 - 0:14archeologists excavated the rubble
of an ancient hospital in England. -
0:14 - 0:17In the process, they uncovered
a number of skeletons. -
0:17 - 0:19One in particular belonged
to a wealthy male -
0:19 - 0:22who lived in the 11th or 12th century
-
0:22 - 0:25and died of leprosy between
the ages of 18 and 25. -
0:25 - 0:27How do we know all this?
-
0:27 - 0:30Simply by examining some old,
soil-caked bones? -
0:30 - 0:32Even centuries after death,
-
0:32 - 0:35skeletons carry unique features
that tell us about their identities. -
0:35 - 0:40And using modern tools and techniques,
we can read those features as clues. -
0:40 - 0:44This is a branch of science known as
biological anthropology. -
0:44 - 0:47It allows researchers to piece together
details about ancient individuals -
0:47 - 0:51and identify historical events
that affected whole populations. -
0:51 - 0:54When researchers uncover a skeleton,
-
0:54 - 0:57some of the first clues they gather,
like age and gender, -
0:57 - 0:59lie in its morphology,
-
0:59 - 1:02which is the structure, appearance,
and size of a skeleton. -
1:02 - 1:06Bones, like the clavicle,
stop growing at age 25, -
1:06 - 1:09so a skeleton with a clavicle
that hasn't fully formed -
1:09 - 1:11must be younger than that.
-
1:11 - 1:15Similarly, the plates in the cranium
can continue fusing up to age 40, -
1:15 - 1:17and sometimes beyond.
-
1:17 - 1:20By combining these with some
microscopic skeletal clues, -
1:20 - 1:25physical anthropologists can estimate
an approximate age of death. -
1:25 - 1:28Meanwhile, pelvic bones reveal gender.
-
1:28 - 1:32Biologically, female pelvises are wider,
allowing women to give birth, -
1:32 - 1:34where as males are narrower.
-
1:34 - 1:37Bones also betray the signs
of ancient disease. -
1:37 - 1:40Disorders like anemia leave their traces
on the bones. -
1:40 - 1:42And the condition of teeth
can reveal clues -
1:42 - 1:45to factors like diet and malnutrition,
-
1:45 - 1:48which sometimes correlate with wealth
or poverty. -
1:48 - 1:52A protein called collagen can give us
even more profound details. -
1:52 - 1:53The air we breathe,
-
1:53 - 1:54water we drink,
-
1:54 - 1:56and food we eat
-
1:56 - 1:58leaves permanent traces
in our bones and teeth -
1:58 - 2:00in the form of chemical compounds.
-
2:00 - 2:04These compounds contain measurable
quantities called isotopes. -
2:04 - 2:09Stable isotopes in bone collagen
and tooth enamel varies among mammals -
2:09 - 2:12dependent on where they lived
and what they ate. -
2:12 - 2:14So by analyzing these isotopes,
-
2:14 - 2:18we can draw direct inferences regarding
the diet and location of historic people. -
2:18 - 2:21Not only that, but during life,
-
2:21 - 2:24bones undergo a constant cycle
of remodeling. -
2:24 - 2:26So if someone moves from one place
to another, -
2:26 - 2:28bones synthesized after that move
-
2:28 - 2:33will also reflect the new isotopic
signatures of the surrounding environment. -
2:33 - 2:36That means that skeletons can be used
like migratory maps. -
2:36 - 2:40For instance, between 1-650 AD,
-
2:40 - 2:45the great city of Teotihuacan in Mexico
bustled with thousands of people. -
2:45 - 2:49Researchers examined the isotope ratios
in skeletons' tooth enamel, -
2:49 - 2:52which held details of their diets
when they were young. -
2:52 - 2:55They found evidence for significant
migration into the city. -
2:55 - 2:57A majority of the individuals
were born elsewhere. -
2:57 - 3:01With further geological
and skeletal analysis, -
3:01 - 3:05they may be able to map where
those people came from. -
3:05 - 3:09That work in Teotihuacan is also
an example of how bio-anthropologists -
3:09 - 3:12study skeletons in cemeteries
and mass graves, -
3:12 - 3:15then analyze their similarities
and differences. -
3:15 - 3:18From that information, they can learn
about cultural beliefs, -
3:18 - 3:18social norms,
-
3:18 - 3:19wars,
-
3:19 - 3:21and what caused their deaths.
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3:21 - 3:26Today, we use these tools to answer
big questions about how forces, -
3:26 - 3:27like migration and disease,
-
3:27 - 3:29shape the modern world.
-
3:29 - 3:34DNA analysis is even possible in some
relatively well-preserved ancient remains. -
3:34 - 3:37That's helping us understand how diseases
like tuberculosis -
3:37 - 3:39have evolved over the centuries
-
3:39 - 3:42so we can build better treatments
for people today. -
3:42 - 3:46Ancient skeletons can tell us a
surprisingly great deal about the past. -
3:46 - 3:49So if your remains are someday
buried intact, -
3:49 - 3:52what might archeologists
of the distant future learn from them?
- Title:
- What can you learn from ancient skeletons? - Farnaz Khatibi
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-can-you-learn-from-ancient-skeletons-farnaz-khatibi
Ancient skeletons can tell us a great deal about the past, including the age, gender and even the social status of its former owner. But how can we know all of these details simply by examining some old, soil-caked bones? Farnaz Khatibi examines a fascinating branch of science known as biological anthropology.
Lesson by Farnaz Khatibi, animation by TED-Ed.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:08
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