Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott
-
0:07 - 0:11Stretched across a tree-peppered expanse
in southern Africa -
0:11 - 0:15lies the magnificent ruins
of Great Zimbabwe, -
0:15 - 0:19a medieval stone city of astounding
wealth and prestige. -
0:19 - 0:22Located in the present-day country
of Zimbabwe, -
0:22 - 0:26it's the sight of the largest known
settlement ruins in Sub-Saharan Africa, -
0:26 - 0:30second on the continent only
to the pyramids of Egypt. -
0:30 - 0:34But the history of this city
is shrouded in controversy, -
0:34 - 0:39defined by decades of dispute
about who built it and why. -
0:39 - 0:42Its name comes from the Shona word
madzimbabwe, -
0:42 - 0:45meaning big house of stone
-
0:45 - 0:49for its unscalable stone walls
that reach heights of nearly ten meters -
0:49 - 0:53and run for a length of about 250 meters.
-
0:53 - 0:56For its grandeur
and historical significance, -
0:56 - 1:01it was named a UNESCO
World Heritage site in 1986. -
1:01 - 1:06Back in the 14th and 15th centuries,
it was a thriving city. -
1:06 - 1:08Spread across nearly eight
square-kilometers, -
1:08 - 1:11Great Zimbabwe was defined by
three main areas: -
1:11 - 1:14the Hill Complex, where the king lived;
-
1:14 - 1:18the Great Enclosure, reserved for
members of the royal family; -
1:18 - 1:22and the Valley Complex,
where regular citizens lived. -
1:22 - 1:28Rulers were both powerful economic
and religious leaders for the region. -
1:28 - 1:29At its highest point,
-
1:29 - 1:33the city had a bustling urban population
of 18,000 people -
1:33 - 1:37and was one of the major African
trade centers at the time. -
1:37 - 1:40What enabled this growth
was Great Zimbabwe's influential role -
1:40 - 1:44in an intercontinental trade network.
-
1:44 - 1:48Connected to several key city-states
along the East African Swahili Coast, -
1:48 - 1:52it was part of the larger Indian Ocean
trade routes. -
1:52 - 1:55The city generated its riches
by controlling the sources and trade -
1:55 - 1:57of the most prized items:
-
1:57 - 1:58gold,
-
1:58 - 1:59ivory,
-
1:59 - 2:01and copper.
-
2:01 - 2:05With this mercantile power, it was able
to extend its sphere of influence -
2:05 - 2:06across continents,
-
2:06 - 2:12fostering a strong Arab and Indian
trader presence throughout its zenith. -
2:12 - 2:16Archaeologists have since pieced together
the details of this history -
2:16 - 2:19through artifacts discovered on site.
-
2:19 - 2:22There were pottery shards
and glassworks from Asia, -
2:22 - 2:26as well as coins minted in the coastal
trading city of Kilwa Kisiwani -
2:26 - 2:29over 1,500 miles away.
-
2:29 - 2:31They also found soapstone bird figures,
-
2:31 - 2:34which are thought to represent
each of the city's rulers, -
2:34 - 2:38and young calf bones,
only unearthed near the royal residence, -
2:38 - 2:43show how the diet of the elite
differed from the general population. -
2:43 - 2:47These clues have also led to theories
about the city's decline. -
2:47 - 2:49By the mid-15th century,
-
2:49 - 2:54the buildings at Great Zimbabwe
were almost all that remained. -
2:54 - 2:56Archaeological evidence points
to overcrowding -
2:56 - 2:59and sanitation issues as the cause,
-
2:59 - 3:02compounded by soil depletion
triggered by overuse. -
3:02 - 3:06Eventually, as crops withered
and conditions in the city worsened, -
3:06 - 3:09the population of Great Zimbabwe
is thought to have dispersed -
3:09 - 3:14and formed the nearby Mutapa
and Torwa states. -
3:14 - 3:17Centuries later, a new phase
of Great Zimbabwe's influence -
3:17 - 3:20began to play out in the political realm
-
3:20 - 3:23as people debated who had built
the famous city of stone. -
3:23 - 3:26During the European
colonization of Africa, -
3:26 - 3:31racist colonial officials claimed
the ruins couldn't be of African origin. -
3:31 - 3:33So, without a detailed written
record on hand, -
3:33 - 3:38they instead relied on myths to explain
the magnificence of Great Zimbabwe. -
3:38 - 3:42Some claimed it proved the Bible
story of the Queen of Sheba -
3:42 - 3:44who lived in a city of riches.
-
3:44 - 3:48Others argued it was built by
the Ancient Greeks. -
3:48 - 3:52Then, in the early 20th century
after extensive excavation at the site, -
3:52 - 3:55the archaeologist David Randall-MacIver
-
3:55 - 3:57presented clear evidence
that Great Zimbabwe -
3:57 - 4:00was built by indigenous peoples.
-
4:00 - 4:03Yet, at the time, the country's white
minority colonial government -
4:03 - 4:09sought to discredit this theory because it
challenged the legitimacy of their rule. -
4:09 - 4:12In fact, the government actively
encouraged historians -
4:12 - 4:17to produce accounts that disputed
the city's African origins. -
4:17 - 4:21Over time, however, an overwhelming
body of evidence mounted, -
4:21 - 4:27identifying Great Zimbabwe as an African
city built by Africans. -
4:27 - 4:29During the 1960s and 70s,
-
4:29 - 4:33Great Zimbabwe became an important symbol
for the African Nationalist movement -
4:33 - 4:36that was spreading across the continent.
-
4:36 - 4:38Today, the ruins at Great Zimbabwe,
-
4:38 - 4:42alluded to on the Zimbabwean flag
by a soapstone bird, -
4:42 - 4:45still stand as a source of national pride
and cultural value.
- Title:
- Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/who-built-great-zimbabwe-and-why-breeanna-elliott
Stretched across a tree-peppered expanse in Southern Africa lies the ruins of Great Zimbabwe, a medieval stone city of astounding wealth. Located in the present-day country of Zimbabwe, it’s the site of the second largest settlement ruins in Africa. But its history is controversial, defined by decades of dispute about who built it and why. Breeanna Elliott explores the mystery of Great Zimbabwe.
Lesson by Breeanna Elliott, animation by JodyPrody.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 05:07
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Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Who built Great Zimbabwe? And why? - Breeanna Elliott |