Would you sacrifice one person to save five? - Eleanor Nelsen
-
0:07 - 0:12Imagine you're watching a runaway trolley
barreling down the tracks -
0:12 - 0:16straight towards five workers
who can't escape. -
0:16 - 0:18You happen to be standing next to a switch
-
0:18 - 0:22that will divert the trolley
onto a second track. -
0:22 - 0:23Here's the problem.
-
0:23 - 0:28That track has a worker on it, too,
but just one. -
0:28 - 0:29What do you do?
-
0:29 - 0:33Do you sacrifice one person to save five?
-
0:33 - 0:35This is the trolley problem,
-
0:35 - 0:42a version of an ethical dilemma that
philosopher Philippa Foot devised in 1967. -
0:42 - 0:45It's popular because it forces us
to think about how to choose -
0:45 - 0:48when there are no good choices.
-
0:48 - 0:50Do we pick the action
with the best outcome -
0:50 - 0:55or stick to a moral code that prohibits
causing someone's death? -
0:55 - 1:01In one survey, about 90% of respondents
said that it's okay to flip the switch, -
1:01 - 1:04letting one worker die to save five,
-
1:04 - 1:09and other studies, including a virtual
reality simulation of the dilemma, -
1:09 - 1:11have found similar results.
-
1:11 - 1:16These judgments are consistent with the
philosophical principle of utilitarianism -
1:16 - 1:19which argues that
the morally correct decision -
1:19 - 1:23is the one that maximizes well-being
for the greatest number of people. -
1:23 - 1:25The five lives outweigh one,
-
1:25 - 1:31even if achieving that outcome requires
condemning someone to death. -
1:31 - 1:33But people don't always take
the utilitarian view, -
1:33 - 1:37which we can see by changing
the trolley problem a bit. -
1:37 - 1:40This time, you're standing on a bridge
over the track -
1:40 - 1:43as the runaway trolley approaches.
-
1:43 - 1:45Now there's no second track,
-
1:45 - 1:49but there is a very large man
on the bridge next to you. -
1:49 - 1:52If you push him over,
his body will stop the trolley, -
1:52 - 1:54saving the five workers,
-
1:54 - 1:56but he'll die.
-
1:56 - 1:59To utilitarians,
the decision is exactly the same, -
1:59 - 2:02lose one life to save five.
-
2:02 - 2:05But in this case, only about 10% of people
-
2:05 - 2:08say that it's OK to throw the man
onto the tracks. -
2:08 - 2:12Our instincts tell us that deliberately
causing someone's death -
2:12 - 2:16is different than allowing them to die
as collateral damage. -
2:16 - 2:21It just feels wrong for reasons
that are hard to explain. -
2:21 - 2:23This intersection between ethics
and psychology -
2:23 - 2:27is what's so interesting
about the trolley problem. -
2:27 - 2:31The dilemma in its many variations reveal
that what we think is right or wrong -
2:31 - 2:36depends on factors other than
a logical weighing of the pros and cons. -
2:36 - 2:39For example, men are more likely
than women -
2:39 - 2:43to say it's okay to push the man
over the bridge. -
2:43 - 2:47So are people who watch a comedy clip
before doing the thought experiment. -
2:47 - 2:49And in one virtual reality study,
-
2:49 - 2:53people were more willing
to sacrifice men than women. -
2:53 - 2:55Researchers have studied
the brain activity -
2:55 - 3:00of people thinking through the classic
and bridge versions. -
3:00 - 3:04Both scenarios activate areas of the brain
involved in conscious decision-making -
3:04 - 3:07and emotional responses.
-
3:07 - 3:11But in the bridge version,
the emotional response is much stronger. -
3:11 - 3:13So is activity in an area of the brain
-
3:13 - 3:17associated with processing
internal conflict. -
3:17 - 3:18Why the difference?
-
3:18 - 3:23One explanation is that pushing someone
to their death feels more personal, -
3:23 - 3:27activating an emotional aversion
to killing another person, -
3:27 - 3:31but we feel conflicted because we know
it's still the logical choice. -
3:31 - 3:36"Trolleyology" has been criticized by some
philosophers and psychologists. -
3:36 - 3:41They argue that it doesn't reveal anything
because its premise is so unrealistic -
3:41 - 3:45that study participants
don't take it seriously. -
3:45 - 3:49But new technology is making this kind
of ethical analysis -
3:49 - 3:51more important than ever.
-
3:51 - 3:54For example, driver-less cars
may have to handle choices -
3:54 - 3:58like causing a small accident
to prevent a larger one. -
3:58 - 4:02Meanwhile, governments are researching
autonomous military drones -
4:02 - 4:06that could wind up making decisions of
whether they'll risk civilian casualties -
4:06 - 4:09to attack a high-value target.
-
4:09 - 4:11If we want these actions to be ethical,
-
4:11 - 4:15we have to decide in advance
how to value human life -
4:15 - 4:18and judge the greater good.
-
4:18 - 4:20So researchers who study
autonomous systems -
4:20 - 4:22are collaborating with philosophers
-
4:22 - 4:28to address the complex problem
of programming ethics into machines, -
4:28 - 4:31which goes to show that
even hypothetical dilemmas -
4:31 - 4:35can wind up on a collision course
with the real world.
- Title:
- Would you sacrifice one person to save five? - Eleanor Nelsen
- Speaker:
- Eleanor Nelsen
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/would-you-sacrifice-one-person-to-save-five-eleanor-nelsen
Imagine you’re watching a runaway trolley barreling down the tracks, straight towards five workers. You happen to be standing next to a switch that will divert the trolley onto a second track. Here’s the problem: that track has a worker on it, too — but just one. What do you do? Do you sacrifice one person to save five? Eleanor Nelsen details the ethical dilemma that is the trolley problem.
Lesson by Eleanor Nelsen, animation by Eoin Duffy.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 04:56
Michelle Mehrtens edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for Would you sacrifice one person to save five? |