Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland
-
0:07 - 0:11Why are most manhole covers round?
-
0:11 - 0:15Sure, it makes them easy to roll
and slide into place in any alignment -
0:15 - 0:18but there's another more compelling reason
-
0:18 - 0:23involving a peculiar geometric property
of circles and other shapes. -
0:23 - 0:27Imagine a square
separating two parallel lines. -
0:27 - 0:32As it rotates, the lines first push apart,
then come back together. -
0:32 - 0:34But try this with a circle
-
0:34 - 0:37and the lines stay
exactly the same distance apart, -
0:37 - 0:39the diameter of the circle.
-
0:39 - 0:42This makes the circle unlike the square,
-
0:42 - 0:47a mathematical shape
called a curve of constant width. -
0:47 - 0:50Another shape with this property
is the Reuleaux triangle. -
0:50 - 0:53To create one,
start with an equilateral triangle, -
0:53 - 0:59then make one of the vertices the center
of a circle that touches the other two. -
0:59 - 1:04Draw two more circles in the same way,
centered on the other two vertices, -
1:04 - 1:08and there it is, in the space
where they all overlap. -
1:08 - 1:11Because Reuleaux triangles can rotate
between parallel lines -
1:11 - 1:14without changing their distance,
-
1:14 - 1:18they can work as wheels,
provided a little creative engineering. -
1:18 - 1:23And if you rotate one while rolling
its midpoint in a nearly circular path, -
1:23 - 1:28its perimeter traces out a square
with rounded corners, -
1:28 - 1:33allowing triangular drill bits
to carve out square holes. -
1:33 - 1:35Any polygon with an odd number of sides
-
1:35 - 1:39can be used to generate
a curve of constant width -
1:39 - 1:41using the same method we applied earlier,
-
1:41 - 1:45though there are many others
that aren't made in this way. -
1:45 - 1:50For example, if you roll any
curve of constant width around another, -
1:50 - 1:52you'll make a third one.
-
1:52 - 1:56This collection of pointy curves
fascinates mathematicians. -
1:56 - 1:58They've given us Barbier's theorem,
-
1:58 - 2:01which says that the perimeter
of any curve of constant width, -
2:01 - 2:06not just a circle,
equals pi times the diameter. -
2:06 - 2:10Another theorem tells us that if you had
a bunch of curves of constant width -
2:10 - 2:12with the same width,
-
2:12 - 2:14they would all have the same perimeter,
-
2:14 - 2:18but the Reuleaux triangle
would have the smallest area. -
2:18 - 2:21The circle, which is effectively
a Reuleaux polygon -
2:21 - 2:24with an infinite number of sides,
has the largest. -
2:24 - 2:29In three dimensions, we can make
surfaces of constant width, -
2:29 - 2:31like the Reuleaux tetrahedron,
-
2:31 - 2:33formed by taking a tetrahedron,
-
2:33 - 2:38expanding a sphere from each vertex
until it touches the opposite vertices, -
2:38 - 2:43and throwing everything away
except the region where they overlap. -
2:43 - 2:45Surfaces of constant width
-
2:45 - 2:49maintain a constant distance
between two parallel planes. -
2:49 - 2:52So you could throw a bunch
of Reuleaux tetrahedra on the floor, -
2:52 - 2:58and slide a board across them
as smoothly as if they were marbles. -
2:58 - 3:00Now back to manhole covers.
-
3:00 - 3:03A square manhole cover's short edge
-
3:03 - 3:07could line up with the wider part
of the hole and fall right in. -
3:07 - 3:12But a curve of constant width
won't fall in any orientation. -
3:12 - 3:15Usually they're circular,
but keep your eyes open, -
3:15 - 3:19and you just might come across
a Reuleaux triangle manhole.
- Title:
- Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland
- Description:
-
View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-are-manhole-covers-round-marc-chamberland
Why are most manhole covers round? Sure it makes them easy to roll, and slide into place in any alignment. But there’s another, more compelling reason, involving a peculiar geometric property of circles and other shapes. Marc Chamberland explains curves of constant width and Barbier’s theorem.
Lesson by Marc Chamberland, animation by Pew36 Animation Studios.
- Video Language:
- English
- Team:
- closed TED
- Project:
- TED-Ed
- Duration:
- 03:35
Jessica Ruby approved English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jessica Ruby accepted English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jessica Ruby edited English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland | ||
Jennifer Cody edited English subtitles for Why are manhole covers round? - Marc Chamberland |